Mental Illness In Children: Causes, Signs, And Treatment

Updated:June 25, 2025 | Published:January 9, 2025 | ByPamela Li

Mental illness in children encompasses emotional, behavioral, and cognitive disorders that impact development, daily functioning, and quality of life. Common mental illnesses in children include anxiety, ADHD, eating disorders, depression, PTSD, and behavioral disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Identifying early signs of emotional distress in children, like excessive worry, changes in behavior, or declining school performance, is critical for timely intervention and better mental health outcomes.

Children with mental illnesses face challenges in emotional regulation, social interactions, and academic success. Anxiety, one of the most common mental illnesses, often manifests as fear, avoidance, or physical symptoms like fatigue. ADHD disrupts attention and impulse control, while depression results in persistent sadness or irritability. Other conditions, such as PTSD and eating disorders, stem from trauma or societal pressures. Genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors are significant contributors to these illnesses.

Mental health in children is improved through therapy, medication, and support tailored to the child’s needs. Behavioral therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are highly effective for anxiety and depression. Family-focused treatments benefit eating and disruptive behavior disorders. Early and collaborative treatment prevents long-term negative outcomes like impaired social skills and chronic mental health issues.

Increasing awareness about child mental health, reducing stigma, and ensuring access to pediatric mental health resources, especially for underserved populations, are vital steps forward. Parents, educators, and healthcare providers play a central role in recognizing signs of mental illness and providing support to children in distress. Proactive measures like routine screenings and mental health literacy programs help mitigate risks and foster resilience.

What Is Mental Illness In Children?

Mental illness in children includes a range of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive disorders significantly impacting a child’s development, functioning, and quality of life. Issues with mental health for children often show up as challenges with emotional regulation, behavior, and social interactions. Common mental disorders in children include anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and behavioral disorders like oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

The prevalence of children with mental illnesses is significant, with 17% of children with mental illnesses in early childhood (up to 6 years), according to a 2015 study from Germany titled “Mental Disorders in Early Childhood,” conducted by von Klitzing K et al. at the University of Leipzig and published in Deutsches Arzteblatt International. Common issues include emotional and motor regulation disorders, feeding problems, and reactive attachment disorder. 14.9% of school-aged children (5-17 years) received mental health treatment in 2021, according to a 2023 study from Germany titled “Mental Health Treatment Among Children Aged 5–17 Years: United States, 2021,” by Benjamin Zablotsky and Amanda E. Ng, published in National Center for Health Statistics. 18.9% of older children (12-17 years) received mental health treatment in the same year.

Early identification and intervention are critical since untreated mental health issues sometimes result in long-term negative outcomes, such as academic struggles, social difficulties, and a higher risk of other mental health conditions. Effective treatments for mental disorders in children typically involve behavioral therapies, parent training, and sometimes medication. However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychotropic drugs in very young children is limited, and non-medication interventions are generally preferred, according to a 2019 study titled “Pre-School Mental Health Disorders: A Review,” by Nadia Zaim and Joyce Harrison, published in International Review of Psychiatry. Treatment plans tailored to the specific needs of each child must be created collaboratively by healthcare providers and families.

What Is The Importance Of Understanding Mental Illness In Children?

The importance of understanding mental illness in children stems from its early onset, often beginning during childhood or adolescence. Early identification and intervention prevent conditions from escalating into severe, chronic issues in adulthood. Mental health literacy, defined as knowledge and beliefs about mental health disorders, facilitates recognition, prevention, and management of such issues.

Many communities struggle with recognizing children’s mental health challenges. Parents frequently lack the necessary knowledge to seek appropriate care, while the stigma surrounding mental health exacerbates delays in treatment. These delays contribute to worsening conditions, significantly impairing a child’s ability to learn, maintain social relationships, and experience a healthy quality of life, with potential long-term consequences.

Enhancing mental health literacy among parents, educators, and healthcare professionals enables timely intervention, reducing the prevalence and impact of mental health disorders. Addressing disparities in access to pediatric mental health resources, particularly within marginalized or minority groups, promotes equitable treatment and care.

What Are The Common Mental Illness In Children?

Common mental illnesses in children include anxiety, ADHD, eating disorders, depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

• Anxiety: Anxiety disorder is the most common mental illness in children, impacting nearly 7% of children and adolescents globally, according to a 2022 study titled “Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents,” conducted by Alicia Kowalchuk et al. and published in the American Family Physician Journal. Different types of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry points out that anxiety disorders often show up with physical symptoms like heart palpitations and behavioral symptoms such as tantrums.
• ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): ADHD is another frequently diagnosed condition, with prevalence rates around 8.6% in the U.S. and 2.9% in Europe, as detailed in the studies “Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 2001–2004 NHANES” and “A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of mental disorders among children and adolescents in Europe.” ADHD is marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and is diagnosed more often in boys than girls.
• Eating Disorders: The global prevalence of eating disorders in children is 22%, according to a 2023 study titled “Global Proportion of Disordered Eating in Children and Adolescents A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” by José Francisco López-Gil et al., published in JAMA Pediatrics.
• Depression: Depressive disorders affect about 3.2% of children in the U.S., according to a 2018 study titled “Prevalence and Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, and Conduct Problems in US Children,” conducted by Reem M. Ghandour et al. and published in the Journal of Pediatrics. In Europe, an estimated 1.7% of children show signs of depression, such as ongoing sadness, a lack of interest in activities, and changes in appetite or sleep patterns.
• PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Studies indicate that 15 to 43% of girls and 14 to 43% of boys have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, depending on the type of trauma. PTSD is diagnosed in 3 to 15% of girls and 1 to 6% of boys among those who have experienced trauma, according to a 2016 review titled “PTSD in Children and Adolescents” by Hamblen, Jessica, and Erin Barnett, published on the National Center for PTSD website.
• Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs): DBDs are a set of disorders, including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). Behavior disorders are characterized by patterns of aggressive, defiant, or antisocial behavior. 4.6% of children 3 to 17 years were parent-reported to have a history of behavioral or conduct problems, according to a 2017 study titled “Evidence Base Update for Psychosocial Treatments for  Disruptive Behaviors in Children,” conducted by  Jennifer W. Kaminski and Angelika H. Claussen at National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and published in the Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology.
• Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychosis is a mental disorder that affects up to 1% of all children worldwide, according to a 2020 study titled “Child Schizophrenia: Theory and Practice,” by Petro Petlovanyi and Anatolii Tsarkov, published in the European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences.

Identifying and intervening early is key to mental health for children. Routine screening, raising awareness, and reducing stigma are vital steps to improve mental health outcomes for children. Common mental disorders are described in the mental illness list below.

1. Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health issues marked by intense fear, anxiety, or avoidance of perceived threats. Anxiety disorders in children encompass specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.

The origins of anxiety disorders in children involve multiple factors. Common risk factors include having a family history of anxiety disorders, experiencing stressful or traumatic events, facing socioeconomic challenges, and possessing certain temperamental traits like behavioral inhibition and negative affectivity. Neurobiological aspects, such as changes in the limbic system and issues with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.

Symptoms of anxiety disorders in children manifest in physical and behavioral ways. Common signs include excessive worry, restlessness, fatigue, trouble concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep problems. Children show avoidance behaviors, throw tantrums, and experience physical symptoms like heart palpitations and sweating.

Anxiety disorders have profound effects on the social, emotional, family, and academic functioning of children. Anxiety disorders cause children to avoid typical developmental activities, hindering their ability to participate in school and social situations. Untreated anxiety disorders often continue into adolescence and adulthood, leading to long-term challenges in mental health for children.

The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry suggests cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as primary treatments for anxiety disorders in children. Therapy and medications are utilized individually or together, based on the severity and specific requirements of the child, according to a 2020 study titled “Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorder.” By Heather Walter and published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Early intervention, support from caregivers, and collaboration with professionals are vital for enhancing the outcomes for children dealing with anxiety disorders.

2. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by ongoing issues with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that disrupt normal functioning or development. ADHD symptoms usually appear before the age of 12 and tend to persist into adulthood.

The causes of ADHD involve genetic and environmental influences.  Hereditary influences include gene variations linked to the D4 dopamine receptor gene, dopamine transporter gene, and the D2 dopamine receptor gene, as detailed in the 2005 study titled “Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” by J. Biederman et al. and published in The Lancet. Environmental factors that contribute to ADHD include exposure to toxins during pregnancy, complications during pregnancy and childbirth, and psychosocial challenges.

ADHD symptoms fall into two categories: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Inattention symptoms consist of trouble maintaining focus, making careless mistakes, forgetfulness, and being disorganized. Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms include excessive fidgeting, difficulty remaining seated, talking too much, and interrupting others.

ADHD symptoms develop due to impairment in brain pathways. Genetic and environmental factors damage the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which regulates attention and behavior. Abnormalities in the lower middle of the PFC lead to emotional dysregulation, resulting in impulsivity, according to a 2009 study titled “The Emerging Neurobiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Key Role of the Prefrontal Association Cortex,” conducted by Amy Arnsten and published in The Journal of Pediatrics.

3. Eating Disorders

Eating disorders involve unusual eating patterns and an intense focus on food, body weight, and shape. The three main types include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.

The causes of eating disorders involve biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Biological factors include the interaction of genetic predisposition and neurobiological imbalances in serotonin and dopamine pathways. Psychological issues include low self-esteem, perfectionism, and negative emotions. Sociocultural factors include societal expectations and media depiction of ideal body types, as detailed in the

Symptoms of eating disorders differ among the types. Anorexia nervosa involves severe restriction of food intake, a strong fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of body image. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by repeated binge eating episodes followed by compensatory actions like vomiting, excessive exercise, or using laxatives. Binge eating disorder involves frequent episodes of consuming large amounts of food quickly that lead to discomfort. Binge eating disorder does not include compensatory behaviors such as exercising or vomiting, unlike bulimia nervosa.

The mechanisms behind eating disorders involve intricate interactions among biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Distorted views on weight and body often trigger the onset of the disorders, while changes in brain function related to reward and self-regulation maintain the disordered eating habits. Chronic stress and neuroinflammation worsen the condition, creating a cycle of unhealthy eating and psychological distress.

4. Childhood Depression

Childhood depression (major depressive disorder, MDD) involves a persistent feeling of sadness, irritability, and loss of interest in activities (anhedonia). Depression affects kids as young as preschool age, according to a 2010 study titled “Preschool Depression: The Importance of Identification of Depression Early in Development,” conducted by Joan L. Luby and published in Current Directions in Psychological Science.

The causes of childhood depression involve biological, environmental, and psychological factors. A family history of depression is a significant risk factor. Other contributors include ongoing stress or trauma and major life changes like parental divorce or losing a loved one. Childhood abuse and neglect are strongly linked to developing depression.

Symptoms of childhood depression differ but often include ongoing sadness or irritability, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or weight, sleep problems, fatigue or low energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, trouble concentrating, and recurring thoughts of death or suicide. Children display more irritability than sadness and often complain of physical issues like stomachaches or headaches. Symptoms of children younger than 6 years old present as increased clinginess, worry, or refusal to go to school.

Childhood depression is often self-sustaining. Imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine and changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex impair mood regulation, resulting in persistent sadness or irritability. Depressive symptoms often hinder academic performance and disrupt social relationships, leading to feelings of failure, rejection, and isolation. The negative patterns in thoughts, behaviors, and experiences reinforce one another over time, which exacerbates depressive symptoms.

Depression is a mood disorder (affective disorder). Mood disorders include major dipressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder.

5. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) arises after experiencing an event with actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. PTSD is characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related triggers, heightened arousal or hypervigilance, and negative changes in mood or thinking. PTSD has a prevalence of approximately 6-8% in the general population, according to a 2022 study titled “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical and Translational Neuroscience From Cells to Circuits,” conducted by Kerry J. Ressler et al. and published in Nature Reviews Neurology.

Direct exposure to traumatic events like combat, natural disasters, serious accidents, terrorist attacks, or personal assaults often triggers PTSD. Other causes include changes in brain areas and abnormalities in brain chemicals.

Symptoms of PTSD vary widely. Common experiences include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks and nightmares, emotional numbness, and negative mood and thinking. Noticeable changes in arousal and reactivity are common, seen as being overly alert or having an exaggerated startle response.

PTSD symptoms develop as normal fear responses become unbalanced. Traumatic experiences activate the body’s stress response, releasing hormones like cortisol and adrenaline in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Dysregulation in the HPA axis impairs the stress response, while changes in the amygdala, hippocampus, serotonin, and norepinephrine impair memory processing, contributing to intrusive thoughts and flashbacks.

6. Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs)

Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are a set of disorders characterized by a range of extreme, uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behaviors toward others, particularly authority figures. Violations of societal norms and rules are common in DBD children. The two most common diagnoses for DBDs are oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD).

DBDs are caused by genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Environmental influences such as harsh or inconsistent parenting, parental depression, and family dysfunction significantly increase the risk of developing DBDs. Genetic predispositions play a role, with certain candidate genes being associated with increased risk in the presence of childhood adversity. Neurobiological factors, including abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and serotonergic system, have been implicated in developing these disorders.

ODD symptoms include a pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness lasting for at least six months. Symptoms include frequent temper tantrums, excessive arguing with adults, refusal to comply with rules, deliberate attempts to annoy others, and spiteful or vindictive behavior.

CD involves more severe behaviors such as aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and serious rule violations. Children with CD often exhibit bullying, physical fights, use of weapons, cruelty to animals, and significant rule-breaking behaviors.

ODD tends to occur at younger ages. Approximately 30% of children diagnosed with ODD later being diagnosed with CD. 40% of those diagnosed with CD go on to have antisocial personality or other personality disorders, according to a 2017 study titled “Evidence Base Update for Psychosocial Treatments for  Disruptive Behaviors in Children,” conducted by  Jennifer W. Kaminski and Angelika H. Claussen at National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and published in the Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology.

Behavior disorders put children at risk of impairment and dysfunction in childhood and negative outcomes later in life.

7. Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by psychotic symptoms and disorganized speech or behavior.  The disorder usually shows up in late adolescence or early adulthood, affecting about 1% of the global population, as noted in the 2023 study titled “Schizophrenia: One Name, Many Different Manifestations,” conducted by Justin Faden et al. and published in The Medical Clinics of North America. Individuals with schizophrenia face a higher mortality rate than the general population due to a greater risk of cardiovascular issues and suicide.

The causes of schizophrenia involve genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Mutations in genes are linked to an increased risk of the diagnosis. Neurochemical imbalances in dopamine and glutamate systems and brain development problems increase the risk. Environmental influences include childhood trauma, substance abuse, and prenatal exposure to stress, infections, malnutrition, and hypoxia.

Schizophrenia symptoms in children fall into three categories, namely positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and behavior. Negative symptoms encompass reduced emotional expression, lack of motivation (avolition), and social withdrawal. Cognitive symptoms involve difficulties with attention, memory, and executive functions.

Children often have more noticeable developmental issues in language, motor skills, and social interactions before the onset of symptoms. Positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions are present, but delusions are simpler and more related to childhood experiences. Negative symptoms such as flat affect and social withdrawal are common.

Positive symptoms develop due to abnormalities in brain structure. Disruptions in Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area interfere with speech production and perception, resulting in auditory hallucinations. Abnormalities in white matter connections impair communication between functional brain regions, leading to disorganized behavior. Negative symptoms occur due to excessive dopamine activity in the limbic system, according to a 2020 study titled “Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment,” conducted by Christoph U. Correll and published in the Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Journal.

Is Autism Spectrum Disorder Considered A Mental Illness In A Child?

No, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is not a mental illness in children. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder. ASD is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

However, children with ASD often have a higher prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. For instance, 77.7% of children with ASD had at least one mental health condition, with common issues including behavior/conduct problems, anxiety, and ADHD, according to a 2020 study titled “Prevalence and Correlates of Caregiver-Reported Mental Health Conditions in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States,” by Connor M Kerns et al., published in The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

The distinction between ASD and mental illnesses is important for understanding the unique needs and treatment approaches for children with ASD. ASD requires interventions focused on improving social communication and reducing repetitive behaviors. Psychiatric conditions necessitate additional treatments, such as behavioral therapy or medication, tailored to those specific conditions.

What Are The Common Causes Of Mental Illness In Children?

The causes of mental illness in children involve genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors. The causes of mental health disorders in children are listed below.

• Genetic Influences: Genetic influences include inherited traits. A family history of mental illness increases the likelihood of children experiencing similar disorders, according to a 2003 study titled “Categories, Dimensions, and the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents,” conducted by Rutter M. and published in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
• Adverse Childhood Experiences: Trauma, neglect, and exposure to violence early in heighten the risk of mental disorders. Children who experience trauma have higher risks of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, according to a 2012 study titled “Childhood Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Alcohol Dependence,” conducted by Kathleen T. Brady et al. and published in Alcohol Research journal.
• Prenatal Stress: Prenatal stress releases stress hormones across the placenta and the baby’s bloodstream, affecting brain development. Children exposed to prenatal stress often develop anxiety and depression during adolescence, according to a 2013 study titled “Prenatal Psychobiological Predictors of Anxiety Risk in Preadolescent Children,” conducted by Elysia Poggi Davis et al. and published in Psychoneuroendocrinology.
• Parenting: Strict discipline and parental emotional distress are associated with externalizing (behavioral) and internalizing (emotional) symptoms in children, according to a 2011 study titled “Risk Factors for Childhood Mental Health Symptoms: National Longitudinal Study of Australian Children,” conducted by Jordana K. Bayer et al. and published in Pediatrics journal.
• Substance Abuse During Pregnancy: Exposure to drugs, alcohol, or tobacco during pregnancy is associated with developmental delays and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy usually develop schizophrenia.
• Brain Abnormalities: Abnormalities in brain structure and function are typically caused by genetic disorders and prenatal exposure. Alterations in the hippocampus and regions responsible for processing reward, motivation, and decision-making heighten the risk of social-related mental illness.
• Health Conditions: Chronic health conditions contribute to mental illness among children, according to a 2020 study titled “Chronic illness in childhood and early adolescence: A longitudinal exploration of co-occurring mental illness,” conducted by Ann Marie Brady et al. and published in Development and Psychopathology journal. Ongoing illnesses disrupt normal development and lead to higher rates of psychiatric disorders, often influenced by factors like peer victimization and school absenteeism.
• Infections: Infections are caused by harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, in the body. Prenatal exposure to infection is associated with the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia.

Can Divorce Cause Mental Illness In Children?

Yes, divorce can lead to mental illness in children. Divorce increases the risks of depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse in children, according to a 2019 study titled “Long-Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Mental Health – A Meta-Analysis,” conducted by Felicitas Auersperg in Austria and published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research.

Parental divorce during childhood and adolescence causes chronic stress, loneliness, and attachment issues, increasing the risk of emotional disorders in adulthood, according to a 2019 study titled “Parental Divorce Is Associated With an Increased Risk to Develop Mental Disorders in Women” by Violetta Schaan et al. and published in Journal of Affective Disorders. Divorce’s link to mental illness in children emphasizes the need for support and intervention programs to reduce negative mental health outcomes.

What Are The Common Signs Of Mental Illness In Children?

The signs of mental illness in children include excessive worry, restlessness, declining school performance, changes in eating habits, self-harming thoughts, and other unusual psychology of children. Here are 8 signs of mental illness among children.

• Excessive Worry or Fear: Worry or fear involves excessive concern in daily life, such as school, social situations, or separation from caregivers. Excessive worry that interferes with functioning is associated with anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder.
• Restlessness: Restlessness is a state of being unable to stay still or calm. Anxiety in children typically presents as fidgeting, difficulty concentrating, and poor eye contact, according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
• Declining School Performance: Drastic and sudden changes in academic performance indicate struggles with concentration or motivation, warning signs of emotional distress in the child. Children dealing with depressive symptoms often display behaviors like frequent school absences, declining school performance, social withdrawal, restlessness, and physical complaints.
• Inattention: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presents with signs of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Children with a high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder experience inattention, oppositional behavior, language or thought difficulties, and anxiety, according to a 2022 study titled “Mental Disorders in Preadolescent Children at Familial High-Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder – A Four-Year Follow-Up Study: The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, VIA 11,” by Maja Gregersen et al. and published in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines.
• Changes in Eating Habits: Overeating or losing appetite is associated with eating and mood disorders. Overeating accompanied by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting or overexercising is a sign of bulimia nervosa. Children with depression often develop abnormal eating patterns to cope with emotional distress.
• Psychosis: Psychosis refers to a loss of contact with reality. Common psychotic symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought. Early-onset schizophrenia in children usually manifests through hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and a lack of emotional expression, according to a 2001 study titled “Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia,” conducted by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and published in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
• Self-harm or Talk of Suicide: Thoughts of self-harm or showing behaviors like cutting or burning are warning signs of mental illness. These symptoms are associated with depression. About one in ten high school students experienced at least one suicide attempt, and 7 in 100,000 children die of suicide, according to a 2023 study titled “Screening for Depression and Suicide in Children,” conducted by Kamakshya P. Patra et al. and published in StatPearls.

How Does Mental Illness Impact Child Development?

A child’s mental illness impacts development by affecting emotional, cognitive, social, and behavioral growth. Children with mental illnesses often struggle with emotional regulation, causing difficulties in forming secure attachments and maintaining healthy relationships. For example, children dealing with anxiety disorders show increased fear and avoidance, which hinder social interactions and affect school performance.

Mental illness affects cognitive functions like attention, memory, and executive functioning, impairing learning and school performance. Children showing externalizing and internalizing behaviors create difficulties in school and social situations, leading to peer victimization and social isolation, according to a 2020 study titled “Chronic illness in childhood and early adolescence: A longitudinal exploration of co-occurring mental illness,” conducted by Ann Marie Brady et al. and published in Development and Psychopathology journal.

Having a mental illness during childhood affects later development by increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Early intervention and proper treatment are key to reducing developmental risks and supporting healthy development of children.

What To Do If A Child Is Suspected Of Mental Illness?

When a child is suspected to have a mental illness, the first action involves carrying out a thorough mental health screening. The process includes a detailed assessment of the child’s symptoms, behaviors, and overall functioning.  Mental health screenings is a part of regular health check-ups starting from infancy, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. Specific screenings for anxiety begin at age 8, while screenings for depression and suicide risk start at age 12.

A referral to a mental health professional is needed if the mental health screening indicates concerns. Mental professionals conduct further evaluations and create suitable evidence-based interventions. The interventions involve therapy, counseling, or medication, depending on the diagnosis and how severe the symptoms are.

Severe cases that involve suicidal thoughts or psychosis require immediate intervention, and possibly hospitalization is often necessary to protect the child’s safety, according to a 2023 study titled “Clinical update: Child and adolescent behavioral health care in community systems of care,” conducted by Justine Larson et al. and published in Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.

How Is Mental Illness In Children Diagnosed?

Mental illness in children is diagnosed through clinical interviews, observations, and psychological exams. Mental health professionals conduct clinical interviews with multiple sources to assess a child’s behavior, emotions, and development. Important aspects include the onset, duration, and impacts of the child’s symptoms.

Mental health professionals conduct observations and exams to provide more information. Behavioral observations include watching the individual’s actions, speech, and behavior in different settings, while psychological exams serve as structured assessments to evaluate the child’s functioning. Examples of psychological exams include the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), as noted in the 2019 study titled “Assessing feasibility of routine identification tools for mental health disorder in neurology clinics,” conducted by Sophie D. Bennett et al. and published in Archives of Disease in Childhood.

Diagnostic systems such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) are used after evaluating the symptoms to determine whether the symptoms meet the criteria.

What Is The Treatment For Mental Illness In Children?

Treatment for mental illness in children includes psychotherapy, medication, and nutrients. The selection of intervention relies on the specific mental disorder, severity, and unique needs of the child. Here are 3 common treatments for mental illness in children.

• Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy (talk therapy) involves talking with a licensed mental health professional or other patients in a group setting. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common psychotherapy used for several conditions, including anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). CBT is considered the primary treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Behavioral therapies work well for externalizing disorders like ADHD and conduct disorders, while family therapy proves beneficial in anorexia nervosa.
• Medication: Pharmacological treatments involve antidepressants, antipsychotics, and stimulants. Fluoxetine and escitalopram are commonly used to treat depression in children and adolescents, according to a 2019 study titled “Depression in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation and Treatment,” conducted by Shelley S. Selph et al. and published in American Family Physician. Stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate are frequently prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as noted in the 2021 study titled “Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review,” by Christoph U. Correll and published in World Psychiatry.
• Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral therapies work well for externalizing disorders like ADHD and conduct disorders. For example, behavioral therapy plays a significant role in managing ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders. Family therapy proves beneficial, especially in cases like anorexia nervosa, where family dynamics significantly impact the child’s mental health.
• Nutrients: Emerging treatments for mood disorders include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C, vitamin D, folic acid, and physical activity, according to a 2023 study titled “Mood Disorders in Youth: Complementary and Integrative Medicine,” conducted by Kirti Saxena et al. and published in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America.

What Can A Parent Do To Help A Child Cope With Mental Illness?

Below are 6 things a parent can do to help a child cope with mental illness.

• Consulting a Professional: Getting the right mental health treatment for the child ensures effective recovery. Collaborating with a mental health expert helps create a treatment plan that includes therapy, medication, or other interventions.
• Practical Assistance and Personal Interactions: Practical assistance involves assisting the child with daily tasks and creating a supportive, understanding environment. Offering practical help and engaging in personal interactions encourage positive thoughts and feelings.
• Parental Knowledge and Beliefs: A parent’s understanding and beliefs about mental health affect the quality of support given to the child, according to a 2015 study titled “Knowing What to Do and Being Able to Do It: Influences on Parent Choice and Use of Practices to Support Young People Living With Mental Illness,” conducted by Anne Honey and published in Community Mental Health Journal. Learning about the child’s condition and effective coping methods helps parents provide better support and treatment.
• Family Functioning and Social Support: Family dynamics and social support are crucial for addressing eating disorders. A well-functioning family and a strong support network lessen the child’s psychological symptoms and enhance overall mental health outcomes.
• Emotion Regulation: Emotion regulation involves managing and modifying emotional responses to align with individual goals, social expectations, or situational demands. Teaching and modeling effective emotion regulation strategies reduce stress on a child’s mental health.
• Preventive Interventions: Preventive measures include learning about mental health conditions (psychoeducation). Psychoeducation is helpful for reducing the risk of mental disorders for children whose parents have been diagnosed with mental illnesses, according to a 2021 study titled “Preventive Interventions in Offspring of Parents With Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” conducted by A. Lannes et al. and published in Psychological Medicine.

What Are The Challenges In Treating Mental Illness In Children?

Challenges in treating mental illness in children include limited access to mental health services, disconnected healthcare, stigma, cultural barriers, and lack of evidence-based treatment.

Many children in low-resource areas struggle to receive treatment as rural and underserved regions lack adequate mental health services. Shortages in trained child mental health professionals, financial barriers, and high treatment costs bring additional challenges.

Children with complex mental health conditions often need coordinated efforts among medical, educational, and social services. However, services are usually disconnected, complicating the process for families trying to find comprehensive care. The availability and quality of resources vary across different regions, worsening the disconnection in care services.

The stigma surrounding mental illness discourages families from seeking help, while cultural differences influence how mental health services are viewed and accepted, according to a 2023 study titled “Disparities in Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Conditions,” conducted by Jennifer A. Hoffmann et al. and published in Pediatrics journal.

The lack of evidence-based treatments specifically designed for children hinders effective care. The absence of consistent and culturally appropriate treatment options exacerbates the challenges in treating mental illness in children.

Can Mental Illness In Children Be Prevented?

Yes, mental illness in children can be prevented. Not all mental illnesses are preventable but evidence-based interventions significantly lower the risk and lessen the impact of mental health problems in children.

Preventive strategies for mental illness are categorized into universal, selective, and indicated interventions. Universal interventions help all children, regardless of the risk level. Selective interventions focus on children at a higher risk due to certain factors, while indicated interventions are designed for children who show early signs of mental illness.

All three preventive interventions lower the chances of developing depression and anxiety, according to a 2016 study titled “Preventing depression and anxiety in young people: a review of the joint efficacy of universal, selective and indicated prevention,” conducted by E. A. Stockings et al. and published in Psychological Medicine. Preventive strategies use psychological approaches that reduce and prevent abrupt onset of internalizing symptoms.

Children with parents who have mental illness face a greater risk of developing mental disorders. Psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioral therapy serve as preventive strategies, cutting the incidence of mental disorders in children by nearly 50%, as noted in the 2021 study titled “Preventive interventions in offspring of parents with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” conducted by Alice Lannes et al. and published in Psychological Medicine.

Programs focusing on parental mental health and family environments improve parenting skills, secure attachment, and family routines, helping prevent mental health issues in young children.

Is Mental Illness In Children A Sign Of Uninvolved Parenting?

No, mental illness in children is not necessarily a sign of uninvolved parenting. The etiology of mental illnesses in children is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Uninvolved parenting practices increase the risk of mental health conditions, but they are not the sole cause of mental health issues in children.