12 Common Pregnancy Complications

Updated: Published: | ByPamela Li

Pregnancy complications, varying from early to late stages, include conditions like miscarriage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm labor, infections, mental health issues, and placental and congenital disorders. Miscarriage, the loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks, frequently stems from chromosomal anomalies and certain health conditions, often managed through expectant approaches or surgery depending on severity. Gestational diabetes, which affects blood sugar regulation, sometimes lead to complications during pregnancy like high birth weight and necessitates careful blood sugar monitoring, dietary adjustments, and insulin use.

Pregnancy Complications

Preeclampsia is a high blood pressure disorder occurring after 20 weeks, potentially harming multiple organs; it requires close monitoring and, in severe cases, early delivery. Preterm labor regular contractions before 37 weeks, increases the risk of lifelong health issues for the infant and is often treated with medications to delay birth. Infections during pregnancy, including the TORCH complex, seriously affects mother and baby, with prevention focusing on hygiene, vaccination, and safe practices.

Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, significantly impact maternal and fetal well-being, making treatments like therapy, lifestyle adjustments, and medication essential. Placental complications like placenta previa and placental abruption disrupt the supply of oxygen and nutrients, sometimes requiring early cesarean delivery. Congenital disorders, from genetic mutations to environmental factors, cause physical or developmental anomalies that usually require surgical or gene therapy.

Other pregnancy issues include gestational hypertension, anemia, and amniotic fluid abnormalities, each requiring specialized management. Preventing these pregnancy problems relies on regular prenatal care, a balanced lifestyle, and early detection of warning signs, which help ensure safer pregnancies for mothers and babies.

Here are the 12 common pregnancy complications.

  1. Miscarriage
  2. Gestational Diabetes
  3. Preeclampsia
  4. Preterm Labor
  5. Infections
  6. Depression and Anxiety
  7. Vaginal Bleeding
  8. Congenital Disorders
  9. Placental Complications
  10. Anemia
  11. Gestational Hypertension
  12. Amniotic Fluid Complications

Pregnancy Complication

1. Miscarriage

Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) is the loss of pregnancy before the 20th week. Miscarriage occurs in approximately 23 million pregnancies yearly, often in women aged 45 years and older, according to a 2021 study titled “Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss,” conducted by Siobhan Quenby et al. in Europe and North America and published in The Lancet.

Common causes of miscarriage include chromosomal abnormalities, uterine abnormalities, infections, medical conditions, and lifestyle. Chromosomal abnormalities associated with miscarriage include Trisomy 21, monosomy x, and triploidy. Some of the medical conditions linked to pregnancy loss are immunological problems, thrombophilia (high risk of blood clotting), thyroid disease, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Smoking and high alcohol consumption during the first trimester increase the risk of miscarriage.

Major symptoms of miscarriage include pelvic and abdominal cramping with or without vaginal bleeding and a positive pregnancy test. Healthcare providers often use ultrasound and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone level tests to screen for symptoms.

Miscarriage is treated or managed using expectant management, medication, and surgical interventions. Expectant management involves waiting for the body to naturally expel the pregnancy tissues and is often limited to miscarriages during the first trimester. Medications are frequently prescribed in the absence of severe anemia and bleeding disorders, while surgical interventions are preferred in women with bleeding and comorbid conditions.

Five types of miscarriage are the following.

  • Threatened Miscarriage: Vaginal bleeding without cervical opening.
  • Inevitable Miscarriage: Vaginal bleeding with cervical opening.
  • Incomplete Miscarriage: Some fetal tissue is expelled, but not all.
  • Complete Miscarriage: All pregnancy tissues are expelled from the uterus.
  • Missed Miscarriage: Vaginal bleeding with some pregnancy tissues retained in the uterus)

2. Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. GDM occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or the insulin does not work properly to maintain the mother’s blood sugar. GDM affects approximately 15% of pregnancies worldwide or 18 million births annually, according to a 2022 study titled “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—Recent Literature Review,” conducted by Robert Modzelewski et al. and published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine.

The main causes of GDM include insulin resistance and hormonal changes during pregnancy, where the placenta produces hormones that interfere with insulin use.  Other risk factors of GDM include obesity, older age, and a history of PCOS.

Most women with GDM do not have noticeable symptoms, so routine screenings are done during weeks 24-28 of pregnancy when insulin resistance commonly increases. Insulin therapy is considered the safest form of treatment for GDM. Orally administered drugs are only prescribed in the absence of insulin therapy. Mothers are frequently advised to exercise and eat healthy foods to help regulate blood sugar levels and support overall health during pregnancy.

Impacts of gestational diabetes on the mother include prolonged labor, cesarean section, and laceration during vaginal birth. Below are the maternal outcomes of GDM.

  1. Prolonged Labor: Impact related to complications during labor due to fetal macrosomia.
  2. Cesarean Section: Impact indicating an increased likelihood of needing surgical delivery.
  3. Laceration During Vaginal Birth: Impact due to potential delivery complications involving a larger baby.
  4. High Blood Pressure: Impact showing how GDM affects maternal health during pregnancy.
  5. Pre-eclampsia: Impact highlighting increased risk of a severe pregnancy complication.
  6. Termination of Pregnancy: While less common, in severe health risks, GDM contributes to a decision to terminate.

Impacts of gestational diabetes on the child include high birth weight, premature birth, and low blood sugar. Below are the fetal outcomes of GDM.

  1. High Birth Weight (Macrosomia): Impact on fetal growth leading to complications during delivery.
  2. Premature Birth: Impact showing increased risk of delivering before term.
  3. Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia): Impact indicating neonatal health complications immediately after birth.
  4. Jaundice: Impact affecting the baby’s health shortly after delivery.
  5. Congenital Anomalies (e.g., Spina Bifida and Neural Defects): Impact related to developmental issues potentially linked to GDM.
  6. Shoulder Dystocia: Impact as a direct complication during delivery due to fetal macrosomia.
  7. Erb’s Palsy: Impact resulting from complications during birth, specifically associated with shoulder dystocia.

3. Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder characterized by high blood pressure and signs of organ damage or protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia affects about 4.6% of pregnancies worldwide, according to a 2022 study titled “Preeclampsia Clinical features and diagnosis,” conducted by Phyllis August et al. and published in the Wolters Kluwer journal.

The exact cause of preeclampsia remains unclear, but factors that increase the risks of diagnosis include multiple pregnancies (such as twins or triplets), a history of preeclampsia, chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, and multiple pregnancy.

Common symptoms of preeclampsia include high blood pressure (>140/90 mm Hg), protein in the urine, and swelling, especially in the hands, face, and feet. Severe cases lead to more intense symptoms, including persistent headaches, vision changes like blurry vision or light sensitivity, shortness of breath, upper abdominal pain, and stroke.

Impacts of preeclampsia on the mother include eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome, placental abruption, stroke, and organ damage (kidney, liver, heart, lungs, and cerebral)

Impacts of preeclampsia on the fetus include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid), and preterm birth.

Here are the types of preeclampsia.

Early-Onset vs. Late-Onset Preeclampsia:

  • Early-Onset Preeclampsia: Occurs before 34 weeks of gestation. It is more severe and associated with greater risks for the mother and baby.
  • Late-Onset Preeclampsia: Occurs at or after 34 weeks of gestation. It tends to be less severe but still requires careful monitoring and management.

Mild vs. Severe Preeclampsia:

  • Mild Preeclampsia: Characterized by elevated blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mm Hg) and proteinuria without severe symptoms.
  • Severe Preeclampsia: Includes more pronounced symptoms such as very high blood pressure (≥ 160/110 mm Hg), significant organ dysfunction, severe headaches, vision problems, and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).

Preeclampsia Superimposed on Chronic Hypertension:

  • This occurs in women who already have chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy) and subsequently develop proteinuria or other symptoms of preeclampsia during pregnancy.

4. Preterm Labor

Preterm labor refers to regular uterine contractions that cause cervical widening or shortening before the 37th week of pregnancy, often leading to preterm birth. Preterm birth affects over 15 million pregnancies globally and 10.23% of pregnancies in the United States, according to a 2020 study titled “Preterm Labor and Birth: A Clinical Review,” conducted by Kellie M. Griggs et al., published in the American Journal of Maternal. Preterm labor frequently occurs among teenage mothers and women over age 35.

The cause of preterm labor remains unknown, though several risk factors have been identified. Health conditions linked to higher risk include infections such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and chorioamnionitis, spontaneous rupture of membranes, cervical abnormalities like a short cervix, bleeding, diabetes, and fetal anomalies, including chromosomal abnormalities. Lifestyle factors linked to preterm labor include smoking, alcohol use, drug use, poor nutrition, and high levels of stress.

Common symptoms of preterm labor include regular contractions, cervical widening, pelvic pressure, a constant dull backache, increased vaginal discharge (particularly if watery or bloody), and any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy.

Treatment options for preterm labor typically aim to delay delivery rather than prevent it entirely. Options include:

  • Medications: Tocolytics to stop or slow uterine contractions, corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung development in pregnancies at risk of delivery within seven days (mainly between 23 and 34 weeks), and magnesium sulfate to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy.
  • Hospitalization: Close monitoring is recommended, especially for pregnancies beyond the 34th week.

The impacts of preterm labor on the mother include higher risks of morbidity, cardiovascular disease, future preterm births, and postpartum depression.

Preterm labor sometimes result in serious health complications for the baby, including respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), necrotizing enterocolitis (a severe gastrointestinal condition), and long-term neurodevelopmental issues. Preterm babies face increased risks of cerebral palsy, learning disabilities, vision and hearing impairments, and emotional and behavioral challenges such as anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and ADHD.

Preterm births are categorized as extremely preterm, very preterm, moderate preterm, and late preterm.

  • Extremely Preterm: less than 28 weeks
  • Very Preterm: 28 to 32 weeks
  • Moderate Preterm: 32 to 34 weeks
  • Later Preterm: 34 to 36 weeks

5. Infections

Infections during pregnancy occur when harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, invade the body and cause illness. Microorganisms are transmitted from the mother to the baby.

Infections are common during pregnancy as the mother’s immune system changes to accommodate the baby. Pregnancy hormones and stress contribute to the alteration of the immune system, increasing the risks of infection.

One of the most common pregnancy infections is the TORCH complex, consisting of Toxoplasma gondii, Other infections, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes viruses. TORCH complex is often associated with stillbirth and a higher risk of morbidity. Group B Streptococci (Group B Strep) is a common bacterial infection that leads to chorioamnionitis (placental inflammation) and early neonatal sepsis. Other common pregnancy infections include Salmonella enteritidis, Hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, chickenpox, malaria, and fungi.

Infection is often accompanied by fever, chills, fatigue, rash, muscle aches, and flu, although some infections, like cytomegalovirus (CMV), present no symptoms. Treatment for pregnancy infection includes prescription of antibiotics, antiviral, and antifungal medications.

The impacts of preterm labor on the mother include the following.

  • Chorioamnionitis
  • Preterm birth

The impacts of preterm labor on the fetus include the following.

  • Meningitis
  • Hydrocephaly (water on the brain)
  • Microcephaly (smaller head circumference)
  • Sepsis
  • Developmental delays

Here are the strategies to prevent infections.

  • Regular prenatal care
  • Vaccination
  • Safe food handling practices
  • Good hygiene practices
  • Safe sexual practices
  • Avoiding contact with infected individuals

6. Depression And Anxiety

Depression and anxiety are common mental health conditions affecting pregnant women. Depression involves persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and fatigue, while anxiety includes excessive worry, nervousness, and restlessness. A 2020 study by Matthew Shay et al., published in Psychological Medicine, found that approximately 10% of pregnant women experience depression, and about 30% experience anxiety.

Risk Factors

  • Personal History: History of mental health conditions, negative life events, and lack of social support.
  • Pregnancy-Related Factors: Hormonal changes, sleep disturbances, physical discomfort, hyperemesis gravidarum, concerns about childbirth and parenting, multiple pregnancies, and living with extended family.

Symptoms

  • Depression: Persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, changes in appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness, thoughts of suicide or self-harm.
  • Anxiety: Excessive worry, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, fears about the baby’s health, and concerns about parenting abilities.

Treatment

  • Medication: Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications remain safe for use during pregnancy under the guidance of an OBGYN.
  • Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) help manage symptoms and improve coping skills.
  • Lifestyle Interventions: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques benefit individuals in managing depression and anxiety during pregnancy.

Impact on Mother and Baby

  • Mother: Depression and anxiety during pregnancy increase the risk of adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, postpartum depression, and impaired bonding with the baby.
  • Baby: Maternal mental health conditions elevate risks for the baby, such as low birth weight, premature birth, and potential long-term neurodevelopmental issues, including challenges with emotional and cognitive development.

Pregnant women experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety benefit from seeking help. Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes for mother and baby.

Here are the different types of anxiety disorders:

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Panic disorder
  • Specific phobias
  • Agoraphobia
  • Social anxiety disorder

7. Vaginal Bleeding

Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is any discharge of blood from the vagina, regardless of the amount or color. Vaginal bleeding is common during the first trimester, with about 25% of pregnancies affected, according to a 2019 study titled “First Trimester Bleeding: Evaluation and Management,” conducted by Erin Hendriks et al. from the University of Michigan Medical School and published in the American Family Physician journal.

Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester is usually caused by miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and infection. Second and third-trimester bleeding indicates placenta previa and preterm labor. Cramps, back pain, and pelvic pressure often accompany vaginal bleeding. Ectopic pregnancy usually manifests as minimal pain or bleeding.

Treatment for vaginal bleeding depends on the cause of discharge. Pregnancy loss and ectopic pregnancy are often treated with medication and surgery. Placenta previa is usually treated through urgent cesarean section. Immediate medical care attention is necessary to monitor symptoms and fetal health.

Factors to consider include the color of the blood, the amount of bleeding, and the timing of bleeding.

8. Congenital Disorders

Congenital disorders (birth defects) are structural, functional, or biochemical abnormalities present at birth. The prevalence rate of congenital disorders is approximately 3-4% worldwide, with 295,000 deaths reported annually, according to a 2021 study titled “Evaluation and Risk Assessment of Congenital Anomalies in Neonates,” conducted by Rita P. Verma and published in the Children Journal.

Congenital disorders develop due to genetic or environmental factors. Genetic factors include chromosomal abnormalities, genetic mutations (single-gene disorders), and specific genes on the X chromosome (X-linked modes of inheritance). Environmental factors include infection, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, medication, oligohydramnios, and constricted space in the womb due to multiple pregnancies.

The signs and symptoms of congenital disorders range from mild to lethal. Minor birth defects are characterized by symptoms that do not impact health, such as physical abnormalities. Major birth defects involve health-threatening or lethal symptoms, with death occurring before, during, or after birth. Other major symptoms include developmental delays, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and feeding difficulties.

Congenital disorders are treated and managed depending on the type and severity. Common interventions include surgical correction, medical treatment, and gene modification therapy. Some disorders, like neural tube defects, require multidisciplinary treatment involving a team of professionals with different specialties.

Here are the types of chromosomal disorders.

  • Down syndrome (Trisomy 21): Occurs when an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21.
  • Klinefelter syndrome: Occurs in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY).
  • Triple-X syndrome: Occurs in females who have an extra X chromosome (XXX).
  • Turner syndrome: Occurs in females who are missing all or part of an X chromosome.
  • Trisomy 18: Occurs when an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 18.

Here are the types of single-gene disorders.

  • Cystic fibrosis: A recessive disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system.
  • Fragile X syndrome: An X-linked dominant disorder causing intellectual disability.
  • Albinism: A recessive disorder affecting skin, hair, and eye pigmentation.
  • Angelman syndrome: A neurogenetic disorder causing developmental delays and seizures.
  • Marfan syndrome: An autosomal dominant disorder affecting connective tissue.
  • Huntington’s disease: An autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder.

Here are the types of multifactorial disorders (a combination of genetic and environmental factors).

  • Neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida): A small gap in one or more vertebrae is present, but the spinal cord and nerves are usually normal.
  • Cleft lip/palate: a birth defect affecting the mouth’s lip and/or roof.
  • Clubfoot:  a foot deformity present at birth.

9. Placental Complications

Placental complications include abnormalities that disrupt the functioning of the placenta, the organ that nourishes and delivers oxygen to the baby. Placenta previa occurs when the placenta partially or completely covers the internal opening between the cervix and the upper part of the uterus. Placental abruption involves the separation of the placenta from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. Placenta previa affects 0.3-2% of pregnancies in the third trimester, while abruption occurs in 0.6-1.2% of women.

Common symptoms of placental abruption include vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Uterine contractions are often present, but contractions are not a specific abruption characteristic, as painful uterine contractions are present in normal labor.

Placenta previa often occurs due to damage in the endometrium and scarring in the uterus. Risk factors of placenta previa include multiple pregnancies, smoking, cocaine use, advanced maternal age, assisted reproductive technology, history of cesarean delivery, and previous incidents of placenta previa. Placental abruption is attributed to high blood pressure, polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid), previous abruption, preeclampsia, drug use, and intimate partner violence.

Placental complications present distinct symptoms based on the specific condition. Placenta Previa typically presents as painless vaginal bleeding. Placental abruption involves sudden, severe abdominal pain accompanied by vaginal bleeding, uterine contractions, and signs of fetal distress.

Placenta previa requires close monitoring of the mother and the baby’s symptoms. An urgent cesarean delivery is often performed for mothers with excessive and continuous bleeding. Bedrest, reduced activity, and avoidance of intercourse are commonly mandated. Treatment options for placental abruption include blood transfusions, medications, emergency cesarean delivery, and hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus) in severe cases.

The impacts of placental complications on the mother include the following.

  • Blood loss
  • Blood clotting issues
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke
  • Preterm birth
  • Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS)

The impacts of placental complications on the fetus include the following.

  • Low birth weight
  • Neurologic complications
  • Neurodevelopmental deficits
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Abnormal motor and mental skills
  • Fetal death

10. Anemia

Anemia occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells in the body. Anemia is a common pregnancy complication, affecting about 36.5% of pregnant women, according to a 2021 report by the World Health Organization.

Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anemia during pregnancy because the mother’s blood volume increases as the growing fetus increases iron demands. Megaloblastic anemia develops when there is a deficiency in folic acid and vitamin B12, vital for red blood cell formation. Other causes of anemia include chronic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and chronic infections.

Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, shortness of breath, indigestion, and a rapid heartbeat. Anemia causes fatigue due to a lack of red blood cells that carry oxygen to tissues and muscles.

Treatment for mild anemia includes nutritional supplements to increase iron levels. Intravenous (IV) iron therapy is an alternative therapeutic option for severe anemia and mothers who do not respond to oral iron therapy, have adverse reactions, do not comply with oral iron treatment, and require rapid iron repletion.

11. Gestational Hypertension

Gestational hypertension refers to high blood pressure that develops in pregnancy, defined by a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or higher on two separate occasions after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia differs from gestational hypertension by involving protein in the urine. Gestational hypertension sometimes progress to preeclampsia; however, normal pregnancies and deliveries without preeclampsia frequently occur in individuals with gestational hypertension.

Causes

The exact cause of gestational hypertension remains unclear, though several factors contribute:

  • Placental factors
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Immune system dysregulation
  • Genetic predisposition

Symptoms

Elevated blood pressure serves as the primary symptom of gestational hypertension. Severe cases include additional symptoms:

  • Severe headache
  • Vision changes
  • Shortness of breath
  • Abdominal pain
  • Decreased urine output

Treatment

Management of gestational hypertension typically involves:

  • Regular monitoring: Blood pressure monitoring twice weekly, with tests to assess fetal well-being, placental blood flow, and complications such as proteinuria or placental abruption.
  • Lifestyle modifications: Rest, reduced salt intake, and avoiding caffeine.
  • Medications: Antihy

12. Amniotic Fluid Complications

Amniotic fluid is the clear, watery fluid surrounding and protecting the fetus in the womb. Amniotic complications include polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid) and oligohydramnios (too little).

Polyhydramnios usually develop due to decreased fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid and increased fetal production of amniotic fluid. Decreased swallowing from absence of trachea, tracheal or bowel obstruction, or neurologic abnormalities like anencephaly.

Oligohydramnios typically occur due to decreased fetal urine. A fetus deprived of sufficient nutrients and oxygen has reduced blood flow to the kidneys, resulting in decreased urine output. Other causes of oligohydramnios include Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM), where the amniotic sac breaks before labor starts, causing leakage of amniotic fluid.

Amniotic fluid complications are diagnosed based on amniotic fluid index (AFI). An AFI measurement ≥ 24 cm is a symptom of polyhydramnios. Difficulty breathing, preterm labor, PROM, abnormal fetal presentation, and cord prolapse typically accompany polyhydramnios. Oligohydramnios is diagnosed when the AFI ≤ 5 cm.

Women with mild cases of polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios are rarely given intervention. Severe cases of polyhydramnios typically require amniotic fluid drainage and medication. Induction of labor is often done on oligohydramnios diagnosed after 37 weeks of pregnancy.

The mother is at risk of amniotic fluid embolism. The fetus experiences fetal distress before or during labor.

What Are The Rare Complications In Pregnancy?

Rare complications in pregnancy include intrauterine growth restriction, hyperemesis gravidarum, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, and obstetric cholestasis. Below are 7 rare pregnancy complications.

  • Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition in which a fetus does not grow at the expected rate. The baby’s estimated fetal weight (EFW) or abdominal circumference falls below the 10th percentile compared to norms. IUGR is caused by a health problem or disease unlike small for gestational age (SGA), where the babies’ weight falls below the 10th percentile.

    Placental abnormalities typically cause IUGR. Reduced blood flow in the placenta limits the nutrients the baby receives, resulting in poor fetal growth and development. Other factors of IUGR include abnormal structure and number of chromosomes, inheritance of two copies of chromosomes from one parent (uniparental disomy), single-gene mutations, and errors in gene expression. Maternal conditions such as chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney diseases, severe anemia, sickle cell disease, lupus, substance misuse, low pregnancy weight, and radiation exposure contribute to IUGR.

    A small fundal height measurement (distance from the top of the uterus and pubic bone) between 24 and 38 weeks of pregnancy often indicates IUGR. Babies born with IUGR typically look thin and undernourished, with less muscle mass and body fat. The head appears disproportionately large or small, while the umbilical cord and facial appearance are thin. Inadequate nutrition causes poor bone growth, resulting in large fontanels (soft spots on the baby’s head) and wide spaces between the skull bones. Babies with symmetrical IUGR have equally small bodies and heads. Asymmetrical IUGR results in a small body and a relatively normal head.

    Management of IUGR involves determining the appropriate timing for delivery to prevent fetal complications. Fetal surveillance and a series of amniotic fluid volume assessments are commonly used to determine the time of birth. Keeping the mother’s room warm and skin-to-skin contact is done after delivery as IUGR increases babies’ risk for hypothermia.

  • Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a severe morning sickness. HG affects about 70% of pregnant women, beginning between 6-8 weeks of pregnancy and resolving by 16-20 weeks, according to a 2022 study titled “Emerging Progress in Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Challenges and Opportunities,” conducted by Enshe Jiang et al. of Henan University in China and published in the Frontiers in Medicine journal.

    HG is associated with high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen. Increased estrogen and progesterone levels slow down digestion, leading to vomiting and nausea.  Other causes of HG include increased thyroid hormones, Helicobacter pylori infection, and placental changes affecting women’s digestive system.

    HG symptoms include severe vomiting, persistent nausea, dehydration, elevated ketones in urine, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalance. Medications are often prescribed to reduce vomiting and nausea. Intravenous (IV) fluids or tube feeding restores hydration and supports weight gain. Vitamin and mineral supplements are given to address electrolyte imbalances. Alternative treatments for HG include acupuncture, acupressure, and ginger intake.

  • Ectopic Pregnancy: An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, like the fallopian tube, cervix, ovary, or abdomen. Ectopic pregnancies are relatively rare, affecting about 1-2% of pregnancies in the United States, according to a 2020 study titled “Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management,” conducted by Erin Hendriks et al. and published in the American Family Physician Journal.

    Many cases of ectopic pregnancy occur without a clear cause, but damage or inflammation of the fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory diseases often impede the passage of the fertilized egg to the uterus. Other risk factors of ectopic pregnancy include previous fallopian tube surgery, smoking, infertility, previous ectopic pregnancy, and pregnancy while an intrauterine device is in place.

    Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy typically include sharp pelvic or abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The pain starts on one side of the abdomen and then spreads, often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting. Other symptoms of ectopic pregnancy include fainting, diarrhea, shoulder pain, lower urinary tract symptoms, rectal pressure, or pain with defecation.

    Treatment for ectopic pregnancies includes medical and surgical interventions. Mothers with unruptured fallopian tubes either take methotrexate medication to stop the growth of pregnancy tissue and allow natural absorption or undergo salpingostomy (removal of the ectopic pregnancy while leaving the fallopian tube in place) or salpingectomy (removal of part or all of the affected fallopian tube). Clinically stable patients with low and declining human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG ) levels and no symptoms of rupture usually opt for expectant management. Ruptured ectopic pregnancies require emergency surgery to control bleeding and prevent further complications.

  • Stillbirth: Stillbirth (fetal demise) refers to the death of a fetus in the womb on and after the 20th week of pregnancy. Early stillbirth is categorized as fetal death occurring between 20–27 weeks, late stillbirth occurs between 28–36 weeks, and term stillbirth happens at 37 weeks or later. Stillbirth affects approximately 2 million pregnancies each year worldwide, according to a 2023 study titled “Stillbirth: prevention and supportive bereavement care,” conducted by Bethany Atkins et al. and published in the BMJ Medicine.

    Pregnancy complications, such as placental abruption, hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) rank among the leading causes of stillbirth. Maternal infections during pregnancy, such as syphilis and malaria, pose significant risks as much as congenital anomalies. Umbilical cord accidents account for 1-2 stillbirths per 1000 births, according to a 2004 study titled “Stillbirth: a review,” conducted by Robert L. Goldenberg et al. and published in the Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Automobile accidents and problems with the umbilicals disrupt the oxygen supply to the baby, leading to stillbirth. Factors like smoking, obesity, sleeping position, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and low socioeconomic status increase the likelihood of stillbirth.

    Common symptoms associated with stillbirth include reduced fetal movement and bleeding. The absence of a fetal heartbeat during a prenatal checkup or a lack of spontaneous respiration after delivery confirms fetal demise.

    A labor induction or cesarean section is often performed to deliver the baby. Parents are encouraged to seek emotional and psychological support following the stillbirth to process grief. Bereavement counseling provides a space for healing, helping families cope with the loss.

    The risk of stillbirth is reduced through preventive measures. Regular prenatal care to monitor maternal health, avoiding alcohol and smoking, and managing conditions such as diabetes and hypertension all contribute to healthier pregnancies.

  • Obstetric Cholestasis or Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP): ICP is a liver disorder that disrupts bile flow, accumulating bile acids in the bloodstream. ICP usually develops in the third trimester of pregnancy and affects approximately 1-2% of pregnancies in Europe, North America, and Australia.

    ICP results from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Gene mutations alter bile production in the liver, leading to ICP symptoms. Hormonal factors include high levels of estrogens, progesterone, and metabolites, while environmental factors involve an unhealthy diet, excess erucic acid from rapeseed oil, selenium deficiency, and pesticides.

    The primary symptom of obstetric cholestasis is severe itching, often in the palms and soles. The itching exacerbates during the night, leading to sleep problems and irritability. Rare symptoms of ICP include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Other mothers develop mild jaundice (yellowing of skin) within 4 weeks of the appearance of itching.

    Management of ICP focuses on monitoring, dietary changes, medication, and early delivery in some cases. Weekly biochemical tests like liver transaminases, total bile acids, and coagulation profiles help track maternal health, while fetal monitoring with cardiotocography (CTG) and ultrasounds assesses fetal wellbeing. Mothers are often encouraged to follow a light, low-fat diet and take Vitamin K supplements to reduce postpartum bleeding risks. Medications, including corticosteroids, are recommended before 34 weeks to reduce the risks of fetal respiratory distress if premature delivery becomes necessary.

  • Postpartum Hemorrhage: Postpartum hemorrhage refers to excessive bleeding after delivery, accounting for 11% of maternal deaths in the United States. Postpartum hemorrhage is considered primary when the bleeding occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery and secondary when blood loss occurs between 24 hours and 12 weeks after delivery.

    Postpartum hemorrhage is caused by four “T’s,” which are tone (uterine atony), trauma (lacerations or uterine rupture), tissue (retained placenta or clots), and thrombin (clotting-factor deficiency). Uterine atony occurs when the uterus fails to contract properly after delivery, accounting for about 70% of cases. Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage include prolonged labor, chorioamnionitis, multiple pregnancies, and uterine overdistention (excessive stretching), with cesarean delivery linked to a higher incidence. Conditions like abnormal placental attachment, preeclampsia, and HELLP syndrome contribute to the risk.

    Postpartum hemorrhage is diagnosed when the blood loss is more than 1000 ml, or the blood loss is accompanied by hypovolemia. Common symptoms of hypovolemia, like hypotension and tachycardia, tend to not appear until blood loss exceeds 25% of total blood volume (>1500 ml during late pregnancy).

    Management options for postpartum hemorrhage focus on timely assessment, stabilization, and addressing the source of bleeding. Key steps include accurate blood loss estimation by weighing blood-soaked materials or utilizing colorimetric techniques. Immediate treatment options for postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony include massaging the uterine and administering oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions. Medications like methylergonovine or prostaglandins and other methods such as blood transfusion and uterine compression sutures are used if the bleeding persists. Surgical options such as uterine artery ligation or hysterectomy are necessary if other treatments fail.

  • Vasa Previa: Vasa previa occurs when the unprotected blood vessels from the umbilical cord travel across the opening of the cervix (cervical os). The umbilical cord in normal pregnancies inserts into the placenta to keep the blood vessels safe from twisting or breaking. Vasa previa leaves the blood vessels exposed and part of the birth canal, which is vulnerable to pressure during childbirth. Vasa previa affects about 1 in 2,500 pregnancies, and there is an increased risk of fetal hemorrhage and death if the membranes rupture.

    Type I of vasa previa is when the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal membranes instead of directly into the placenta, leaving the blood vessels unprotected and exposed to the cervix. Type II of vasa previa occurs when the placenta splits into two lobes, with the umbilical cord connecting the lobes, and exposed blood vessels run between the lobes and near the cervix. The risk factors for vasa previa include abnormal cord attachment, low-lying placenta, a multi-lobed placenta, IVF pregnancies, and multiple births.

    A routine ultrasound typically detects Vasa previa between 18 and 26 weeks. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding when the membranes rupture. The goal of the management of vasa previa is to prolong pregnancy safely while avoiding potential complications related to rupture of membranes or labor. Common interventions involve hospitalizations beginning at 30-34 weeks for closer monitoring. Delivery is usually planned between 34 and 37 weeks by cesarean section to prevent vessel rupture. Immediate cesarean delivery is done in case of early membrane rupture, with blood transfusions ready for the baby if needed.

rare pregnancy complications

What Is A Pregnancy Complication?

A pregnancy complication refers to any health issue that arises during pregnancy. Pregnancy complications involve physical and mental conditions, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe.

Most pregnancy complications result from pre-existing conditions, while others are caused by pregnancy-related changes in the body. Pregnancy complications often affect the mother’s health, the baby’s health, or both. Prompt medical attention is necessary to manage the complications and ensure the mother’s and baby’s health and safety.

What Factors Increase The Risk Of Pregnancy Complications?

Existing health conditions, maternal age, lifestyle, and health issues during pregnancy increase the risk of pregnancy complications. Below are the factors that increase the risk of complications during pregnancy.

  • Existing Health Conditions: Chronic health conditions like hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increase the likelihood of complications. Existing conditions often impact blood flow, metabolism, and the immune response, affecting maternal and fetal health. Chronic high blood pressure increases the risk of developing pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). PCOS and thyroid diseases are associated with a higher risk of miscarriage. Obesity in pregnancy elevates the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), while autoimmune conditions increase the likelihood of high blood pressure and preeclampsia.
  • Age: Women under 20 or over 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage. Pregnant teens have an increased risk for anemia, hemorrhage, and delivery complications than older women due to lack of prenatal visits and inappropriate prenatal care. Older mothers have more additional risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, increasing the risk of developing preeclampsia and going through preterm birth.
  • Lifestyle Factors: Lifestyle factors include practices related to diet, substance use, stress, and exposure to environmental hazards. A diet lacking essential nutrients like iron, folic acid, and calcium leads to complications like anemia and neural tube defects. Alcohol consumption and drug use impair the baby’s cell development, increasing the risks of miscarriage and congenital disorders. Radiation exposure damages the placenta responsible for supplying nutrients to the fetus, resulting in IUGR.
  • Conditions of Pregnancy: Pregnancy complications often trigger a series of physiological changes that lead to additional pregnancy risks. Gestational hypertension strains the blood flow in the organs, increasing the risk of developing preeclampsia. High blood pressure damages organs and reduces blood flow to the placenta, resulting in fetal growth restriction. Gestational diabetes mellitus elevates the glucose levels in the placenta, causing the baby’s pancreas to produce more insulin and increase fat deposits that lead to macrosomia. Infections or placental complications weaken the body’s defenses, increasing susceptibility to further infections and triggering premature labor.

Does Having A Twin Pregnancy Have A Higher Chance Of Complications?

Yes, having a twin pregnancy does have a higher chance of complications. A twin pregnancy faces about a 10-fold increase in the risk of fetal growth restriction. Growth issues are prevalent in identical twins than in fraternal twins, as both babies share the same placenta.

Fetal loss occurs more frequently in twin pregnancies than in single pregnancies, with approximately 5% experiencing the loss of one or both fetuses between the 11th and 14th week. The death of one twin poses a health risk for the surviving twin, particularly in identical pregnancies, where shared circulation leads to cerebral damage from hemorrhage.

Twin pregnancies place extra demands on maternal physiology, increasing the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases, gestational hypertension, and conditions like preeclampsia. Women carrying twins are associated with a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage and discomforts like fatigue, heartburn, and varicose veins, according to a 2004 study titled “Obstetric complications of twin pregnancies,” conducted by Anita Rao et al. and published in Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

Does Having Multiple Pregnancy Have A Higher Chance Of Complications?

Yes, having multiple pregnancies does have a higher chance of complications. The presence of three or more fetuses increases the physiological demands on the mother, increasing the likelihood of health complications, according to a 2004 study titled “Maternal morbidity and obstetric complications in triplet pregnancies and quadruplet and higher-order multiple pregnancies,” conducted by Shi Wu Wen et al., and published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

A dose-response relationship exists in multiple pregnancies, implying that the risk of health issues increases with the number of fetuses. Women carrying triplets or more, therefore, have a higher risk of complications compared to twin pregnancies.

Mothers with triplet or higher-order multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks of hypertension, preeclampsia, anemia, diabetes, placental complications, and premature rupture membrane (PROM). The need for cesarean delivery is higher in triplet and higher-order pregnancies as malpresentation (non-head first position) of the fetuses and other complications make vaginal delivery challenging.

What Are The Common Symptoms That Indicate Possible Complications?

Common symptoms that indicate possible complications include excessive nausea and vomiting, high blood pressure, headaches, swelling, and abdominal pain. Here are 10 common symptoms that indicate possible complications.

  • Excessive Nausea and Vomiting: Excessive nausea and vomiting before 16 weeks of pregnancy are symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), an extreme form of morning sickness. Hormonal fluctuations and the baby’s increased energy demand affect the mother’s digestive and thyroid functions, leading to nausea and vomiting. Call your doctor immediately if your nausea and vomiting are accompanied by the inability to eat and drink normally, dehydration, and limited daily living activities.
  • Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): A blood pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher. High blood pressure during pregnancy is a common symptom of gestational hypertension. Elevated blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy suggests preeclampsia, a multisystem disorder that involves protein in the urine and/or organ damage.
  • Headaches and Dizziness: Persistent headaches and dizziness are symptoms of preeclampsia or other blood pressure-related issues. The headaches develop when damage to the blood vessel lining restricts blood flow to the brain. A throbbing or pounding head pain often appears in advanced cases of preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome.
  • Swelling (Edema): Extreme swelling in the hands, feet, or face signals preeclampsia and requires prompt evaluation. Preeclampsia damages blood vessel linings, leading fluid to leak into surrounding tissues. Kidney damage during preeclampsia increases sodium retention, prompting the body to retain more water and contributing to swelling.
  • Abdominal Pain: Sharp or severe abdominal pain is associated with ectopic pregnancy, preterm labor, and placental complications. Ectopic pregnancy typically involves sharp, cramping pain on one side of the lower abdomen or pelvis, while preterm labor resembles menstrual cramps that become more frequent and intense over time. Placental abruption often presents with severe, sudden pain in the abdomen.
  • Vaginal Bleeding: Bleeding during pregnancy often indicates placental complications and miscarriage. Placenta previa involves bright red, painless bleeding during the second or third trimester as the placenta covers the cervix. First-trimester vaginal bleeding often signals miscarriage, where pregnancy tissue detaches and passes through the cervix.
  • Fever: A fever above 100.4°F (38°C) typically indicates an infection and is associated with fetal risks like neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and oral clefts, based on a 2014 study, “Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: Fever in Pregnancy and Health Impacts in the Offspring,” conducted by Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen et al. and published in Pediatrics. Pregnant mothers must contact an OBGYN during high fever to rule out and address any complications.
  • Extreme Fatigue or Fainting: Fatigue is an intense feeling of tiredness and low energy that disrupts daily activities. Anemia often leads to severe fatigue as the body struggles to deliver adequate oxygen to tissues and organs. Fainting (syncope) commonly occurs during severe anemia.
  • Water Breaking: Refers to the rupture of the amniotic sac, the protective membrane filled with amniotic fluid surrounding the baby in the womb. The rupture is signaled by a sudden release of fluid from the vagina. Water breaking before the due date is associated with premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm labor, which increase the risk of other maternal and fetal complications.
  • Extreme Worries: Worries and feelings of unease are normal among mothers as pregnancy hormones amplify emotions. However, persistent and intense worries about oneself, the baby, or labor that interfere with daily activities are associated with anxiety disorders. Immediate medical attention is necessary if extreme worries accompany physical symptoms such as difficulty breathing, tense muscles, and rapid heartbeat.

How Do The Symptoms Of Pregnancy Complications Vary Between Trimesters?

Pregnancy complications vary between trimesters. Each stage of the pregnancy trimesters present different physiological challenges and changes for the mother and the developing fetus. The first trimester often brings complications due to implantation issues or disruptions in early fetal development. An ectopic pregnancy involves the fertilized egg implanting outside the uterus, leading to symptoms such as sharp abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Hyperemesis gravidarum, another first-trimester complication, involves severe, persistent nausea and vomiting that typically starts around weeks 4 or 5. Miscarriages, which involve the loss of pregnancy before week 20, occur more frequently during this period and may present symptoms such as cramping, vaginal bleeding, and tissue passing. Congenital anomalies develop during this trimester as a result of genetic, environmental, or unknown factors affecting organ formation.

The second trimester often reflects maternal adaptation to the growing fetus. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) commonly develops between weeks 24 and 28 due to increased insulin resistance, and its symptoms are often not apparent without screening. Preeclampsia, characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine, usually arises after 20 weeks of pregnancy and presents symptoms like swelling, headaches, and visual disturbances. Preterm labor, where contractions and cervical changes occur prematurely before week 37, indicates that the body may be preparing for early delivery.

The third trimester brings complications related to the fetus’s growth and the body’s preparations for childbirth. Cholestasis of pregnancy, a liver disorder, commonly develops in later pregnancy stages and presents symptoms like intense itching without a rash due to a buildup of bile acids in the bloodstream. Preterm labor remains a concern during this trimester, similar to the second trimester, with contractions and cervical changes indicating early labor. Placenta previa, in which the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, can lead to painless vaginal bleeding and pose risks during delivery.

1. First Trimester

The first trimester of pregnancy presents distinct symptoms as the body undergoes rapid changes to support the developing fetus. Below are 8 common first-trimester symptoms.

  • Nausea and vomiting (morning sickness)
  • Breast tenderness
  • Fatigue
  • Frequent urination
  • Food aversions and cravings
  • Sensitivity to smell
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Poor appetite

Complications during the first trimester include ectopic pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, miscarriage, and congenital anomalies. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, causing sharp abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Hyperemesis gravidarum is an extreme form of morning sickness, often beginning in weeks 4 or 5 of pregnancy. Miscarriage refers to the loss of pregnancy before week 20. Congenital anomalies commonly arise in the first trimester of pregnancy due to environmental, genetic, or unknown factors that interfere with fetal development during organ formation.

2. Second Trimester

Many symptoms in the second trimester reflect the body’s adjustments to the growing baby and the increased maternal health and comfort demands. Here are 13 common second-trimester symptoms.

  • Reduced morning sickness
  • Increased appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Noticeable baby bump
  • Darkening of skin
  • Line nigra (dark line on the belly)
  • Thicker hair
  • Quickening
  • Swelling
  • Body aches and pains
  • Varicose veins
  • Braxton-Hicks contractions (false labor pains)
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome

Distinct pregnancy complications during the second trimester include gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia, and preterm labor. Pre-eclampsia is marked by high blood pressure and protein in the urine and occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. GDM is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. GDM screening is typically done between weeks 24 and 28 during the second trimester of pregnancy as insulin resistance increases. Preterm labor involves contractions and cervical changes before 37 weeks of pregnancy.

3. Third Trimester

Symptoms during the third trimester reflect the continuous growth of the fetus and the body’s final preparations for delivery. Here are 8 common third-trimester symptoms.

  • Increased discomfort
  • Lightning crotch
  • Lightening
  • Braxton-Hicks contractions
  • Leaking breasts
  • Nesting instinct
  • Forgetfulness (Pregnancy brain)
  • Strange and vivid dreams

Complications during the third trimester include cholestasis of pregnancy, preterm labor, and placenta previa. Skin changes like cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) commonly occur during the last trimester as hormone levels fluctuate and impair the liver. Placenta previa is the complete or partial covering of the cervix with the placenta, affecting about 0.3-2% of pregnancies in the third trimester. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an infection common during the third trimester of pregnancy, making GBS screening necessary between weeks 35-37.

Should You Seek Medical Attention If You’re Experiencing Symptoms Of Pregnancy Complication?

Yes, seeking medical attention when experiencing symptoms of a pregnancy complication is essential. Complications during pregnancy escalate quickly, and early intervention often improves outcomes for the mother and the baby.

Symptoms like severe abdominal pain, heavy bleeding, severe headaches, vision changes, reduced fetal movement, or sudden swelling in the hands or face sometimes indicate severe conditions like preeclampsia, miscarriage, or preterm labor, which endanger the life of the mother and baby. Consulting a healthcare provider at the first sign of a problem ensures appropriate evaluation, necessary tests, and timely treatment.

What Is The Importance Of Prenatal Checkups In Managing Potential Pregnancy Complications?

Prenatal checkups enable healthcare providers to detect possible complications early and provide necessary interventions. Regular visits allow screenings for birth defects, gestational diabetes, and fetal growth restrictions. Ultrasound screenings and physical exams monitor maternal and fetal health, tracking the baby’s growth and overall development. Regular blood pressure checks contribute to the early detection of hypertension and preeclampsia, which often impact the pregnancy. Prenatal checkups allow one to discuss any concerns or anxieties, helping expectant mothers manage distress or emotional challenges.

Can Pregnancy Complications Be Prevented?

Yes, pregnancy complications can be prevented. Adopting a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet and increased physical activity lowers the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.Taking supplements like folic acid and iron helps prevent anemia, according to a 2019 study titled “Diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy,” by Ahmad Al-Khaffaf et al. and published in the Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine. Avoiding tobacco products, alcohol, and illegal drugs helps prevent birth defects.

Complications such as gestational hypertension are preventable through regular blood pressure monitoring and dietary adjustments. Planning the timing of pregnancy helps reduce the risks of miscarriage, as maternal age plays a role. Reviewing previous pregnancies, family histories, and preexisting conditions enables healthcare providers to anticipate potential issues and make informed recommendations to prevent complications.

What Are The Best Tips For Preventing Pregnancy Complications?

Preventing pregnancy complications involves monitoring symptoms, attending prenatal appointments, avoiding harmful substances, and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Here are 6 tips and things you can’t do while pregnant to prevent pregnancy complications.

Monitor Symptoms: Recognizing early warning signs, like severe headaches, sudden swelling, or reduced fetal movement, helps prevent serious pregnancy complications such as fetal distress. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if unusual symptoms arise to have early interventions.

Attend Prenatal Appointments: Regular check-ups help monitor the mother and baby, allowing healthcare providers to detect complications early. Address your concerns to your healthcare provider during every prenatal visit to ensure that any unusual changes receive proper attention, support, and timely intervention if needed.

Avoid Harmful Substances: Refrain from using any recreational drugs, including cannabis, which lead to low birth weight, developmental delays, and other complications. Avoiding alcohol intake prevents birth defects like fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

Adopt a Healthy Diet: Include healthy foods to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Iron-rich and calcium-rich foods help prevent anemia. Avoiding undercooked or raw meat and unwashed produce prevents infections like salmonella and listeria.

Avoid Environmental Hazards: Exposure to air pollution and higher concentrations of serum organochlorine pesticides in women are associated with higher risks of miscarriage, according to a 2021 study titled “Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss,” conducted by Siobhan Quenby et al. and published in The Lancet. Avoiding radiation exposure reduces the risk of birth defects.

Take Prenatal Vitamins: Prenatal vitamins help prevent complications by providing essential nutrients that support maternal health and fetal development. Iron, for example, helps prevent anemia.