Second Trimester Symptoms: 2nd Trimester Pregnancy And Prenatal Care

Updated:June 25, 2025 | Published:December 17, 2024 | ByPamela Li

Second-trimester symptoms include mood swings, food cravings, nausea relief, and fatigue. 2nd-trimester symptoms often involve hormonal shifts that lead to forgetfulness, heartburn, and Braxton-Hicks contractions. Skin darkening and stretch marks develop as the belly expands, causing back pain and discomfort. Quickening, the first noticeable fetal movement, usually occurs between 16 and 20 weeks. The second trimester brings physical changes for mothers, such as a growing belly, breast tenderness, and skin changes like hyperpigmentation and spider veins.

2nd trimester of pregnancy includes weeks 13 to 28. The second trimester is often called the “honeymoon period” as early pregnancy symptoms subside.

The baby experiences rapid growth during the second trimester, and major organs and systems continue to develop. The fetus is about the size of a large eggplant and weighs around 1189 grams (41.94 ounces or 2.62 pounds) by the end of the second trimester. The baby becomes more active, with movements like hiccups and yawns noticeable, while features like fingernails, toenails, and sex become more defined.

Regular prenatal care is crucial during the second trimester to monitor maternal and fetal health. Essential tests, such as glucose tolerance testing and ultrasounds, help ensure the baby’s development is on track. Hormonal fluctuations impact oral health, potentially leading to bleeding gums and tooth sensitivity. Emotional changes like mood swings, stress, and strange dreams are common, often due to a combination of hormonal changes and anxiety about the pregnancy.

Engage in safe physical activities like walking or swimming to improve mood and manage common pregnancy discomforts. Maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean protein is important for your baby’s development. Practice relaxation techniques like mindfulness to reduce stress and create a calming environment for your baby.

Things to avoid in the second trimester include alcohol, smoking, and certain medications. High-mercury fish and undercooked foods must be avoided due to potential health risks for the baby. Consult your healthcare provider before taking any new supplements or medications.

Air travel is typically safe during the second trimester for most women. You must consult your OBGYN (obstetrician-gynecologist or OB-GYN) or midwife before traveling, especially if you have any complications or high-risk conditions.

Partners support the mother by making lifestyle changes, helping with physical tasks, and offering emotional support. Attending prenatal appointments and practicing open communication are key ways to strengthen your bond and help with the pregnancy.

Managing stress involves relaxation techniques, attending childbirth classes, exercising, eating a balanced diet, and prioritizing rest. Talking to a mental health professional is helpful if you experience high levels of anxiety or depression during pregnancy.

Possible complications in the second trimester include gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and miscarriage. Early detection and management of pregnancy conditions are crucial. Regular prenatal check-ups and monitoring help prevent or address issues.

What Is The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

The second trimester consists of weeks 13 to 28 of pregnancy. The second trimester (middle of the pregnancy trimesters) includes sixteen weeks and is considered the “honeymoon period,” when many unpleasant early pregnancy symptoms subside. The baby’s major organs and body systems continue to develop and mature, making the second trimester a critical time for rapid growth.

Your baby’s features become more defined in the second trimester. Fingernails and toenails develop and become distinct, and the baby’s sex becomes discernible. Fetal movements like hiccups, yawns, and startles become noticeable as the baby becomes more active. The nervous system matures, enabling the development of hearing. The fetus is roughly the size of a mango by the end of the second trimester, weighing around 565 grams (19.93 ounces or 1.25 pounds).

The second trimester brings a range of physical changes for the expectant mother. The belly continues to grow, forming a small but visible baby bump. Breast tenderness is common as the body prepares for lactation. Hormonal fluctuations lead to skin changes, including hyperpigmentation and the appearance of spider veins (spider nevi). Common pregnancy symptoms during the second trimester include food cravings, heightened sense of smell, mood swings, fatigue, and nausea, though many women experience relief from earlier nausea.

Regular prenatal visits during the second trimester are essential for maternal and fetal health. Prenatal appointments include various tests and screenings to monitor the baby’s development and address any symptoms or concerns the mother has.

What Is The Importance Of Understanding The Second Trimester In Pregnancy?

The importance of understanding being 17 weeks pregnant is recognizing the baby’s continued development and ensuring proper prenatal care. Many mothers experience relief from early pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea and extreme fatigue, often making the second trimester a more comfortable time. New pregnancy symptoms in the 2nd trimester include heartburn, forgetfulness (“pregnancy brain”), and noticeable physical changes, like a growing belly and the appearance of the linea nigra. Understanding the changes helps the mother adapt to her evolving body and seek relief when necessary.

The baby’s organs and systems are maturing, with the appearance of lanugo, a soft hair covering the baby’s skin, and continued brain development. The brain is still in the early stages of growth but plays a crucial role in the baby’s developing movements and senses. Regular prenatal visits during the 2nd trimester are vital to monitor the baby’s progress and the mother’s health. Prenatal screening includes ultrasounds, where fetal growth is assessed, and routine tests to screen for potential complications, such as gestational diabetes.

Managing emotional and physical changes during trimester two is equally important. Mood swings, vivid dreams, and fluctuations in sexual desire are common due to hormonal shifts. Practicing stress management techniques, like breathing exercises, helps improve emotional well-being. Engaging in safe physical activities, such as walking or swimming, supports the mother’s health and aids in preparing her body for the later stages of pregnancy.

Understanding the significance of a healthy diet during trimester 2 helps support the mother’s health and the baby’s development. Nutrient-rich foods containing calcium, iron, and vitamins like B12 and D are recommended. Regular intake of prenatal vitamins fills any dietary gaps. Avoiding harmful foods and substances, including high-mercury fish, excessive caffeine, alcohol, and smoking, protects the developing baby from potential risks.

Paying attention to body signals, such as Braxton Hicks contractions or decreased fetal movement, helps the mother respond quickly to potential concerns. Consulting with a healthcare provider if something feels abnormal ensures the mother and baby remain healthy throughout the pregnancy.

When Does The Second Trimester Start?

The second trimester of pregnancy starts during week 13 and ends on week 28. The middle trimester lasts four months, encompassing months four to seven of pregnancy.

Understanding the weeks of the second trimester helps mothers prepare for the symptoms and rapid physical changes occurring. Tracking the weeks allows parents to monitor the baby’s developmental milestones and facilitates better prenatal care.

What To Expect In The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

Expect a time of noticeable changes and new symptoms for the mother in the second trimester of pregnancy. Common symptoms include forgetfulness, known as “pregnancy brain,” which affects concentration and memory due to the energy demands of the growing baby. Heartburn is frequent as hormonal changes relax the muscles in the digestive tract, causing stomach acid to rise. Fatigue remains a challenge, with many mothers feeling tired due to pregnancy’s physical and emotional demands, although some find relief in the second trimester.

A growing belly becomes more pronounced as the uterus expands, affecting posture and leading to back and pelvic discomfort. Braxton-Hicks contractions (false labor) are irregular tightenings in the abdomen as the body prepares for childbirth. Skin changes, such as darkened areas and stretch marks, are common due to hormonal shifts. Quickening, or the first sensations of fetal movement, often begins between 16 and 20 weeks, an exciting milestone.

Dental issues often arise, such as bleeding gums and sensitive teeth, due to hormonal changes. Leg cramps, often caused by increased physical stress and low calcium levels, are common, disrupting sleep. An increase in normal vaginal discharge is typical, though abnormal discharge must be monitored for signs of infection.

The second trimester includes important prenatal tests, such as glucose tolerance testing, screening for chromosomal abnormalities, and ultrasounds to monitor fetal development.

What Happens To Your Body In The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

Changes to your body in the second trimester include forgetfulness, gastro-esophageal reflux, fatigue, belly growth, and prodromal labor. Here are some key changes in the mother’s body during the second trimester of pregnancy.

1. Forgetfulness (Pregnancy Brain): Many women experience cognitive decline, often referred to as “pregnancy brain,” which includes forgetfulness, confusion, and difficulty concentrating, linked to the body’s energy being redirected to the developing baby.
2. Heartburn (Gastro-Esophageal Reflux): Hormonal changes, particularly increased progesterone, relax the muscles between the esophagus and stomach, leading to acid reflux and a burning sensation in the chest.
3. Fatigue: Increased energy demands, sleep disturbances, and emotional stress cause persistent feelings of tiredness and low energy during the second trimester, though for some women, these feelings are less intense than in the first trimester.
4. Growing Belly: The uterus expands significantly to accommodate the growing baby, leading to a visibly larger belly. Belly growth affects posture and balance and causes back and pelvic pain.
5. Braxton-Hicks Contractions (Prodromal Labor): Mild, irregular contractions help prepare the body for labor but do not cause cervical dilation. Braxton-Hicks are more commonly felt during the second and third trimesters.
6. Skin Changes: Hormonal fluctuations lead to skin darkening (hyperpigmentation) on the thighs, nipples, and genitals. Stretch marks and itching often appear, sometimes linked to more severe conditions like intrahepatic cholestasis.
7. Quickening (Fetal Movement): Initial fetal movements are like flutters or bubbles. The first noticeable fetal movements happen around 16-20 weeks and increase throughout the middle trimester.
8. Dental Issues: Hormonal changes often result in gum sensitivity, bleeding, and oral tumors. Some women experience loose teeth or enamel erosion due to increased acidity from morning sickness.
9. Leg Cramps (Charley Horse): Sudden muscle cramps, particularly in the legs and feet, are common due to increased physical strain, hormonal changes, and low calcium levels, often disrupting sleep.
10. Vaginal Discharge: A normal increase in clear or white vaginal discharge is typical as pregnancy progresses. Changes in color, odor, or accompanying symptoms sometimes indicate infection and must be monitored.

What Are The Emotional Changes During The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

Emotional changes during the second trimester include sexual functions, mood swings, stress & anxiety, and strange dreams. Here are 4 emotional changes experienced by pregnant mothers in the second trimester of pregnancy.

• Sexual Functions: Pregnant women experience more sexual dysfunction than non-pregnant women, according to a 2019 study from Turkey titled “Evaluation of the relationship between sexual functions and depressive symptoms among pregnant patients during the second trimester,” conducted by Özgan O. Çelikel et al. at Yildirim Beyazıt University and published in Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Expectant mothers often report lower levels of desire, arousal, orgasm, lubrication, and overall satisfaction during sexual activity, often due to concerns about meeting the partner’s needs. Sexual interest tends to increase during the second trimester, however, as many physical symptoms associated with early pregnancy begin to subside.
• Mood Swings: Mood swings are sudden and dramatic emotional changes marked by extreme shifts of ups and downs. Increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, and stress hormones contribute to greater emotional turbulence in pregnant women, resulting in mood swings. Pregnant women often feel heightened reactions to minor issues due to little control over mood or emotions.
• Stress & Anxiety: Anxiety affects about 10.7% of second-trimester pregnancies, according to a 2015 study “Anxiety through the three trimesters of pregnancy,” conducted by Amal A. Moussa et al. at Damanhour City, Albehaira Governorate, Egypt, published in Alexandria Scientific Nursing Journal. Common causes of anxiety include hormonal fluctuations, sleep deprivation, and fear for the baby’s health. Women in the second trimester are typically less anxious after adapting to the changes of the first trimester. High stress and anxiety levels increase the risks of negative fetal outcomes such as low infant birth weight, weak immune system, and premature birth.
• Strange Dreams: Strange and intense dreams during pregnancy are usually about fears of harm to the baby or the mother and conflict with the baby’s father. Pregnancy-related dreams often lead to fear, anxiety, and trouble sleeping, becoming more frequent as pregnancy progresses.

How Big Can A Mother’s Belly Grow During The 2nd Trimester?

A mother’s belly can grow significantly during the second trimester, with the size varying based on factors such as body type, previous pregnancies, fetal weight, and maternal weight, according to a 2010 study, “Fundal height: a useful screening tool for fetal growth?” by Aaron B. Caughey, Teresa N. Sparks, Tania F. Esakoff, et al., published in The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.

Women with smaller builds often notice a slight bump as early as weeks 13-14, while women with larger frames typically see minimal changes. Many women see a noticeable bump by the 15th week, which becomes more pronounced by week 16. Your baby bump shows more clearly by week 17, influenced by factors like fetal position and amniotic fluid levels. The uterus grows upward and outward from week 18 onward, making the belly rounder, and by week 19, the uterus typically reaches the level of the navel.

Belly growth is often tracked by measuring the fundal height, the distance from the pubic symphysis (the front of the pelvis) to the top of the uterus. The fundal height usually reaches around 20 cm by week 20, closely correlating with gestational age. Fundal height measurement is commonly used to monitor fetal growth, although the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) ANC Guidelines found insufficient evidence to rely on symphysis-fundal height (SFH) as a predictor of fetal health.

What Are The Pregnancy Symptoms During 2nd Trimester?

Pregnancy symptoms during the 2nd trimester include forgetfulness, heartburn, fatigue, a growing belly, and Braxton-Hicks contractions. Here are 10 symptoms of pregnancy to be aware of in the second trimester.

1. Forgetfulness (Pregnancy Brain): Pregnancy brain (baby brain) refers to the subjective decline in cognition experienced by pregnant women, with over 80% of pregnant women reporting increased forgetfulness in pregnancy, according to a 2019 study from Poland titled “Cognitive costs of reproduction: life-history trade-offs explain cognitive decline during pregnancy in women,” by Anna Ziomkiewicz et al., published in Biological Reviews. The developing baby consumes glucose from the mother, depleting the available energy and leading to cognitive decline as the lack of resources for the maternal brain affects cognitive functions. Manifestations of slowed cognition during pregnancy include reading difficulties, confusion, disorientation, poor concentration, increased absent-mindedness, and reduced motor coordination. Baby brain often leads to frequent forgetting of appointments and impaired performance at work.
2. Heartburn (Gastro-Esophageal Reflux): Heartburn is linked to hormonal changes during pregnancy. Progesterone causes the muscular valve between the esophagus and stomach to relax, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus and causing a burning sensation. Heartburn is a common symptom during the second trimester, affecting about 71.3% of pregnancies, according to a 2014 study, “Incidence of pregnancy-related discomforts and management approaches to relieve them among pregnant women,” conducted by Evsen Nazik et al. in Erzurum, Turkey and published at Journal of Clinical Nursing.
3. Fatigue: Fatigue is characterized by an overwhelming feeling of tiredness and low energy, to the point of interfering with daily activities, and is one of the most common symptoms reported during pregnancy. Pregnancy naturally demands more energy from the body, leading to feelings of exhaustion. Other contributing factors include sleep disturbances and emotional stress. 95% of women reported fatigue between 15 and 25 weeks of pregnancy in the 2009 study, “Frequency, severity, and effect on the life of physical symptoms experienced during pregnancy,” conducted by Ekaterina Kamysheva et al. and published in the Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health. Fatigue tends to subside for some women during the second trimester, though many mothers experience persistent tiredness throughout pregnancy, often causing discomfort and disrupting daily routines.
4. Growing Belly: Your baby bump typically becomes visible after the third month of pregnancy, growing rapidly during the fifth and sixth months as the uterus stretches to accommodate the developing baby. Abdominal changes vary; some babies are carried high in the abdomen, while others are lower in the pelvis. The growing belly alters the mother’s posture and shifts the center of gravity, leading to aching back, pelvis, and hips. Swelling occurs as the expanding uterus exerts pressure on the leg and pelvic veins.
5. Prodromal Labor (Braxton-Hicks): Braxton-Hicks contractions (false labor pains) are mild, irregular contractions that prepare the body for labor. The contractions occur sporadically, causing tightness in the abdomen. False labor pains start around 6 weeks of pregnancy but are only felt during the second and third trimesters. Braxton Hicks do not increase in intensity or cause cervical dilation (opening), unlike true labor contractions.
6. Skin Changes: Skin changes like hyperpigmentation often occur due to hormonal and physical changes during pregnancy. Excess estrogen and progesterone during weeks 8-30 trigger skin darkening (hyperpigmentation), affecting about 90% of pregnancies. Hyperpigmentation in pregnant women typically affects the thighs, armpits, nipples, and genitals, according to a 1992 study, “Physiologic skin changes associated with pregnancy,” conducted by Ann G. Martin et al. and published in the International Journal of Dermatology. Stretch marks appear on the belly due to skin stretching. Severe itching during the late second trimester, accompanied by elevated liver enzymes and bile salts, suggests Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP).
7. Quickening (Fetal Movement): Quickening refers to the fetal movements a pregnant woman feels. The movements, described as flutters, butterflies, or bursting bubbles, are usually felt between 16-20 weeks of pregnancy. Brain development during the second trimester allows for more complex movements such as yawning, swallowing, sucking motions, and reactions to loud sounds.
8. Dental Issues: Dental problems among pregnant women occur due to hormonal changes. Increased progesterone, bacteria, and other irritants cause oral tumors (inflammatory lumps on the gums) in the front and outer parts of the upper jaw, leading to bleeding gums and sensitivity problems. Higher estrogen levels affect the ligaments and bones supporting the teeth, resulting in loose teeth. Some pregnant women experience oral lesions as stomach acid weakens the surface of the teeth during morning sickness.
9. Leg Cramps (Charley Horse): Leg cramps are sudden and painful muscle tightenings, typically in the legs, ankles, and feet. The ankle muscles that point to the toes and push the foot downward (plantar flexors) experience physical stress during pregnancy, leading to leg cramps. Relaxin hormones contribute to leg pain by causing a hypocalcemic state (low calcium levels) in the muscles. Other causes of leg cramps include physical inactivity, dehydration, and neurologic disorders. Leg cramps negatively impact pregnant women by causing sleep disruption and daytime dysfunction.
10. Vaginal Discharge: Normal vaginal discharge is characterized by a thin, clear, or milky white fluid. The discharge increases in volume as pregnancy progresses, accompanied by a mild odor. Pathological vaginal discharge (PVD), on the other hand, is foul-smelling and ranges from dirty white to yellowish green. PVD causes irritation, pain, fever, and increased uterine contractions, potentially leading to severe complications like premature rupture of membranes, pre-term delivery, and postpartum endometritis (uterine infection).

Does Linea Nigra Normally Start To Show In The 2nd Trimester?

Yes, ​​linea nigra does typically start to show in the second trimester, according to a 2014 study from India titled “Pregnancy and Skin,” conducted by Rita V. Vora et al. at Pramukhswami Medical College and Shree Krishna Hospital and published in the Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. Linea nigra is a form of hyperpigmentation (skin darkening) commonly called the “pregnancy line”, and is completely normal and harmless. The dark vertical line appears down the middle of the abdomen, extending from the pubic bone to the belly button and up to the chest in some cases.

Hormonal changes during pregnancy cause the linea nigra to form. Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone increase melanin production, leading to color changes in the skin. The line varies in appearance, tending to be darker and more prominent in individuals with darker skin colors, whereas for others, the color sometimes appears fainter or not at all. The linea nigra usually fades after birth, though sometimes only after several months, and remains faint but visible in some women.

How Does The Baby Develop In Different Weeks Of The Second Trimester?

Below is an outline of how the baby develops in weeks 13-28 in the second trimester. The following tracks an expecting mother’s pregnancy weeks.

1. 13 Weeks Pregnant

The 13-week-old fetus is about the size of a peach, measuring between 6.7 and 7.9 cm (3 inches) from head to bottom or crown-rump length (CRL). Key developments at 13 weeks pregnant include the skeleton hardening as the cartilage transitions to bone. Fetal organs mature further, and the intestines settle into a permanent position in the abdomen. The vocal cords develop, ankles and wrists fully form, fingernails and toenails emerge, and unique fingerprints form. Your baby is becoming more proportionate, with the head making up a third of the total body size. The eyes shift into a final position. The placenta continues to develop, eventually taking over hormone production from the ovaries. Fetal activity increases, with the baby exhibiting arm and leg movements, individual finger movements, and thumb-sucking.

13 weeks of pregnancy is the first week in the second trimester and the beginning of the fourth month of pregnancy. 13 weeks pregnancy symptoms include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, frequent micturition (urination), and mood swings.

2. 14 Weeks Pregnant

Your 14-week-old baby is about the size of a lemon, measuring 8-9 cm (around 3.5 inches) from head to bottom and weighing roughly 90 grams (about 3.17 ounces). Your baby’s facial features continue to develop, making the face more recognizable. The neck grows longer, and hair begins to sprout on the head.  Major organs continue to mature, and the bones harden further. Reflexes are now functioning, leading to increased movements, experienced by many mothers as “quickening.” Fingernails and toenails are forming, and sensory development is underway, with senses like taste and smell beginning to develop. The fully functional placenta provides essential nutrients and oxygen to support your baby’s growth.

14 weeks of pregnancy is the second week in the 2nd trimester and the second week of the 4th month of pregnancy. 14 weeks pregnancy symptoms include frequent micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

3. 15 Weeks Pregnant

The 15-week-old baby is about the size of an apple, measuring approximately 9.1-10.0 cm (about 3.8 inches) from head to bottom and weighing around 114 grams (4.02 ounces). Facial features, including eyes and ears, move closer to the final positions, and hearing functioning develops. Taste buds form, enabling the detection of flavors in the amniotic fluid. Calcium further strengthens the skeletal system, and muscle development enables more active movements. The thin and translucent skin starts to thicken and form layers, and the eyebrows, eyelashes, and nails continue to form. The circulatory system fully functions with the heart pumping blood, while the urinary system produces urine. Distinct fetal movement patterns have developed, supporting muscle and neurological growth.

15 weeks of pregnancy is the third week in the 2nd trimester and the third week of the 4th month of pregnancy. 15 weeks pregnancy symptoms include an increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

4. 16 Weeks Pregnant

Your 16-week-old baby is about the size of an avocado, measuring approximately 10.1-11.0 centimeters (4 inches) long and weighing around 144 grams (5.08 ounces). Your baby undergoes rapid growth and development at 16 weeks of pregnancy, preparing for an upcoming growth spurt. Coordinated movements develop as the limbs grow and become more proportionate. Fetal movements often feel like gentle flutters or taps, known as quickening. Fingernails and toenails form, while facial features like lips and eyes become more defined. The eyes move closer together, and the ears have developed enough for the baby to hear sounds, including voices. The circulatory system functions efficiently, with the heart pumping blood. The liver and spleen begin producing red blood cells. Your baby undergoes rapid growth, flexing the limbs and making breathing motions.

16 weeks of pregnancy is the fourth week in the 2nd trimester and the last week of the 4th month of pregnancy. 16 weeks pregnancy symptoms include an increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

5. 17 Weeks Pregnant

The 17-week-old baby is about the size of a turnip, measuring 11.1 to 12.0 centimeters (roughly 4.5 inches) from head to bottom and weighing around 179 grams (6.31 ounces). Significant developmental milestones at week 17 of pregnancy include increased fetal movements, bone development, and active growth. Your baby’s skeleton hardens through ossification, transforming cartilage into bone. The vestibular system, responsible for balance, begins functioning and supports coordination. External sex organs have fully formed, and primitive fat lobules develop around the chest. Early fat development helps regulate body temperature after birth, though major fat accumulation occurs after birth. Movements like sucking and swallowing continue, while large position changes, such as somersaults, occur less frequently due to limited space in the womb.

17 weeks of pregnancy is the fifth week in the 2nd trimester and the first week of the 5th month of pregnancy. 17 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

6. 18 Weeks Pregnant

Your baby is about the size of a bell pepper, measuring approximately 14 centimeters and weighing around 222 grams (7.83 ounces) at 18 weeks pregnant. Key features of fetal development at week 18 include sensory development, particularly hearing, as the ears settle into the final position and the baby hears sounds like heartbeats and external noises. The eyes begin detecting changes in light. Noticeable movements (quickening), including kicks, rolls, yawns, and hiccups, strengthen fetal muscles and improve coordination. Lanugo, a fine layer of hair, starts covering the body to regulate body temperature. Genital development becomes more prominent, with the genitals now visible on an ultrasound.  Fat deposits form, providing insulation and energy, marking significant growth milestones in the second trimester.

18 weeks of pregnancy is the sixth week in the 2nd trimester and the second week in the 5th month of pregnancy. 18 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

7. 19 Weeks Pregnant

Your 19-week-old baby is about the size of a tomato, weighing approximately 272 grams (9.6 ounces). The 19th week of pregnancy is marked by significant fetal brain function and physical activity development.

Brain development progresses significantly, with cortical electrical activity detected in the cerebral cortex (the brain’s outer layer) for the first time, signaling a critical step in neurodevelopment. Advanced movements and behaviors emerge as new synapses (brain connections allowing neurons to communicate) form. Stronger and more frequent movements occur, like kicks, punches, and stretches, with rest periods lasting 5-6 minutes. Brown fat develops, helping regulate body temperature after birth. Sensory development advances, and nerve cells for taste, hearing, sight, and smell form in the brain. The lungs and heart grow stronger, though lung function is not completed until after birth.

19 weeks of pregnancy is the seventh week in the 2nd trimester and the third week in the 5th month of pregnancy. 19 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

8. 20 Weeks Pregnant

Babies 20 weeks and older are better measured in biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and humerus length (HL) rather than crown-rump length (CRL). The 50th percentile measurements for 20-week fetal growth are as follows: the BPD is 47 millimeters, HC is 173 millimeters, AC is 150 millimeters, FL is 32 millimeters, and the HL is 31 millimeters. Your 20-week-old baby is about the size of a banana, weighing around 330 grams (11.64 ounces or 0.73 pounds), according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts published in PLoS Medicine.

Neurogenesis (the process of creating new neurons in the brain) in the cerebral cortex is complete by 20 weeks of pregnancy, with all neurons in place, setting the stage for further brain development through synaptic formation and myelination. Fetal movements, such as kicks and stretches, become more pronounced, with “quickening” often felt as flutters or bubbles. The skin is coated with a protective layer of vernix caseosa, while fine lanugo hair regulates body temperature. The baby’s hearing has developed enough to detect sounds, including your heartbeat and voice, and taste buds are functional, allowing the baby to sense flavors. The digestive system matures as the baby swallows amniotic fluid, and rapid eye movements signal continued neurological growth. Nail plates are forming, and brown fat accumulates to help regulate body temperature after birth.

20 weeks of pregnancy is the eighth week in the 2nd trimester and the last week in the 5th month of pregnancy. 20 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

9. 21 Weeks Pregnant

Your 21-week-old baby is about the size of a carrot, weighing around 398 grams (14.04 ounces or 0.88 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 21-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 50 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 186 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 162 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 35 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 34 millimeters, according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts published in PLoS Medicine.

Digestive development progresses as the baby swallows amniotic fluid to prepare for digestion after birth. Meconium, the earliest stool, accumulates in the rectum and colon. Fetal movements become more coordinated, with kicks, punches, and rolls felt more frequently. Sleep-wake cycles form, leading to alternating periods of fetal rest and activity. The skin thickens and becomes less transparent. A fine layer of lanugo and vernix caseosa covers the hair for protection. Hearing improves, allowing the baby to respond to sounds inside and outside the womb. The heart has tripled in size since week 12, and fat continues to accumulate for warmth and growth.

21 weeks of pregnancy is the ninth week in the 2nd trimester and the first week in the 6th month of pregnancy. 21 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

10. 22 Weeks Pregnant

Babies at 22 weeks are about the size of a spaghetti squash, weighing approximately 476 grams (16.79 ounces or 1.05 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 22-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 53 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 198 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 173 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 38 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 36 millimeters, according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts published in PLoS Medicine.

Muscle strength increases rapidly in week 22, with the fetus making grasping movements and more noticeable kicks and wiggles. Lanugo covers the skin, which is now less transparent, while vernix caseosa becomes a protective layer against amniotic fluid. Major organs like the lungs continue maturing, allowing the baby to practice breathing movements in the womb. The baby’s sense of touch develops, eyebrows form, eyelids near full development, and small amounts of amniotic fluid are swallowed.

22 weeks of pregnancy is the tenth week in the 2nd trimester and the second week in the 6th month of pregnancy. 22 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased frequency of micturition (urination), fatigue, lower back pain, urgency of micturition, and forgetfulness.

11. 23 Weeks Pregnant

Your baby is about the size of a mango, weighing approximately 565 grams (19.93 ounces or 1.25 pounds) at 23 weeks. The 50th percentile measurements for 23-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 57 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 210 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 185 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 41 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 38 millimeters, according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts, published in PLoS Medicine.

The baby’s fingerprints and footprints are fully developed and unique. The skin becomes plumper as fat deposits provide insulation and energy. Lanugo, the fine layer of hair covering the body, remains present, and vernix caseosa, a protective coating, continues to develop on the skin.  Lung development progresses, preparing for gas exchange while the baby practices breathing movements. The pancreas starts producing insulin, aiding in growth regulation. The sense of touch advances, leading to more frequent responses to light and sound. Fine motor skills improve, enabling coordinated movements like reaching for the face or grasping.

23 weeks of pregnancy is the eleventh week in the 2nd trimester and the third week in the 6th month of pregnancy. 23 weeks pregnancy symptoms include increased micturition (urination) frequency and urgency, lower back pain, and pregnancy brain.

12. 24 Weeks Pregnant

Key development milestones at 24 weeks include significant physical and neurological growth. Lung development progresses rapidly, with terminal sacs forming and pulmonary surfactant (a substance lining the lungs) produced to prepare for breathing after birth. The baby’s face is nearly fully formed, with eyelashes, eyebrows, and hair in place. The skin remains wrinkled and translucent, but the baby is gaining fat, including brown fat, which helps regulate body temperature. Sensory development progresses, with the eyes responding to light and the auditory system detecting external sounds. The brain rapidly grows, and myelination improves nerve signal transmission. The baby starts blinking, making facial expressions, and developing the sucking reflex, which is essential for feeding.

A 24-week-old baby is about the size of an ear of corn, weighing approximately 665 grams (1.47 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 24-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 60 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 222 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 197 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 43 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 41 millimeters, according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts published in PLoS Medicine.

24 weeks of pregnancy is the twelfth week in the 2nd trimester and the last week in the 6th month of pregnancy. 24 weeks pregnancy symptoms include frequent urination, lower back pain, hormonal shifts, weight gain, and “pregnancy brain”.

13. 25 Weeks Pregnant

Your 25-week-old baby is about the size of a rutabaga, weighing around 778 grams (1.72 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 25-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 63 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 233 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 208 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 43 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 42 millimeters.

Brain development accelerates, with thalamocortical pathways completing, crucial for processing sensory information and higher-order thinking. Neural circuits and synapses continue forming, preparing for complex brain activity. Sensory abilities refine, with blinking movements becoming responses to light, indicating improved visual and motor coordination. Adipogenesis (the fat development process) progresses, helping regulate blood sugar and store energy for growth. Hair on the baby’s head becomes more noticeable, and the auditory system matures, enabling recognition and response to sounds, including voices. The grasp reflex improves, enhancing hand coordination and body awareness. The skin matures, forming an outer layer with hair follicles and sweat glands.

25 weeks of pregnancy is the thirteenth week in the 2nd trimester and the first week in the 7th month of pregnancy. 25 weeks pregnancy symptoms include frequent micturition (urination), lower back pain, pregnancy brain (forgetfulness), insomnia, and stress.

14. 26 Weeks Pregnant

Your 26-week-old baby is about the size of a scallion, weighing approximately 902 grams (around 2 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 26-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 66 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 244 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 219 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 48 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 44 millimeters, according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts, published in PLoS Medicine.

Week 26 of pregnancy marks key developmental milestones in neurobehavioral function and organ growth. Lung development advances as respiratory airways form and alveolar cells differentiate, preparing for breathing after birth. The brain matures rapidly, with the central sulcus deepening, marking advanced brain growth. Eye movements during sleep resemble REM (rapid eye movement), and improved eye coordination signals brain and sensory system development.

Fat accumulation increases, building energy reserves and helping regulate body temperature. The bone marrow becomes the primary site for blood cell production. Distinct and rhythmic movements become more noticeable as the central nervous system matures, improving motor skills and responses to sounds, including voices. Melanin production stabilizes, determining the baby’s skin color.

26 weeks of pregnancy is the fourteenth week in the 2nd trimester and the second week in the 7th month of pregnancy. 26 weeks pregnancy symptoms include frequent micturition (urination), low back pain, and forgetfulness (pregnancy brain).

15. 27 Weeks Pregnant

Your 27-week-old baby is about the size of the head of cauliflower, weighing approximately 1039 grams (2.29 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 27-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 69 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 254 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 230 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 50 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 46 millimeters.

Brain development progresses through gliogenesis, where glial cells, which support and protect neurons, continue forming. The brain’s proliferative zones diminish, marking preparation for more complex cognitive functions. Lung development advances as type 2 alveolar cells produce surfactants, essential for lung expansion. The eyes open and close regularly, with rapid eye movements during sleep indicating advanced brain activity.

Stronger and more rhythmic movements, such as kicks and stretches, reflect a maturing central nervous system. Red blood cell production in the bone marrow ensures adequate oxygen supply. Hair grows on the scalp and face, while improved hearing allows recognition of familiar sounds. The skin darkens as melanin production stabilizes. Some babies begin settling in a head-down position, preparing for birth.

27 weeks of pregnancy is the fifteenth week in the 2nd trimester and the third week in the 7th month of pregnancy. 27 weeks pregnancy symptoms include frequent urination, backaches, and forgetfulness.

16. 28 Weeks Pregnant

Your 28-week-old baby is about the size of a large eggplant, weighing approximately 1,189 grams (41.94 ounces or 2.62 pounds). The 50th percentile measurements for 28-week fetal growth are as follows: the biparietal diameter (BPD) is 72 millimeters, the head circumference (HC) is 264 millimeters, the abdominal circumference (AC) is 240 millimeters, the femur length (FL) is 52 millimeters, and the humerus length (HL) is 48 millimeters, according to the 2017 World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts, published in PLoS Medicine.

The nervous system matures, allowing the baby to regulate body temperature and make rhythmic breathing movements in preparation for life outside the womb. The brain forms more complex connections, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep becomes more established, indicating early dreaming.

Movements like kicking, rolling, and stretching grow stronger and more frequent, showing healthy muscle and nervous system development. The rooting reflex, which helps babies instinctively seek nourishment after birth, begins to develop. Eye development progresses with better eyelid muscle coordination. Hearing sharpens, allowing the baby to recognize voices, while taste and smell receptors mature as the baby swallows amniotic fluid. The skin develops permanent patterns, and the protective vernix caseosa thickens. For male babies, the testes begin descending into the scrotum.

28 weeks of pregnancy is the sixteenth week, the last week in the 2nd trimester, and the last week in the 7th month of pregnancy. 28 weeks pregnancy symptoms include frequent urination, fatigue, back pain, forgetfulness, pronounced fetal movements, leg cramps, and indigestion.

Does Brain Development In Your Baby Finishes At The 2nd Trimester?

No, your baby’s brain development does not finish during the second trimester. The fetal brain continues to develop during the third trimester and even after birth, according to a 2019 study from Italy titled “Correlation between human nervous system development and acquisition of fetal skills: An overview,” conducted by Elisa Borsani et al. at the University of Brescia and published in Brain and Development. Adult-like features of the cerebral cortex do not fully develop until around week 32 of pregnancy, and the peripheral nervous system, responsible for social interactions, continues to mature until around the age of two.

Brain development during the second trimester primarily focuses on processing sensory information such as touch, pressure, temperature, taste, and smell. The cerebral cortex forms more sulci and gyri to increase surface area, supporting further brain growth. Neurons responsible for pain perception are present in the fetal brain by week 19, and the brain regions responsible for processing pain are developed between weeks 20 and 23. The brainstem, which controls involuntary movements, supports motor actions like stretching, rotating, and isolated limb, head, and neck movements as early as week 15. More complex brain structures, including the cerebral lobes, insula, and cerebellum, begin to form by week 20.

Does Lanugo Start To Show At The Second Trimester?

Yes, lanugo does start to show in the second trimester, appearing in week 18 of pregnancy, according to a 2008 study from Russia titled “Novel mechanism of human fetal growth regulation: A potential role of lanugo, vernix caseosa and a second tactile system of unmyelinated low-threshold C-afferents,” conducted by Ksenia Bystrova at St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy and published in Medical Hypotheses. Lanugo is the first fine, soft hair to develop on a fetus, covering almost the entire body by around 20 weeks, except for the palms, soles, and a few other areas.

The primary function of lanugo is to bind vernix caseosa, the white, waxy substance protecting fetal skin, to the body. Vernix caseosa helps guard the fetus against harmful substances in the amniotic fluid, regulates body temperature, and supports skin development. The lanugo hairs aid in regulating fetal growth by activating sensitive nerve receptors as the fetus moves in the amniotic fluid, stimulating the release of hormones like oxytocin, which help reduce fetal stress and promote growth during mid-gestation.

Lanugo starts to shed around weeks 33 to 36 of pregnancy and is usually gone by birth, though some newborns still have patches, especially when born prematurely. Some full-term babies are born with some lanugo hairs, which is normal and typically fade shortly after birth.

What Are The Tips For Prenatal Care In The Second Trimester?

Tips for prenatal care (antenatal care) in the second trimester include taking prenatal vitamins, attending prenatal care visits, engaging in physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, and practicing relaxation techniques. Here are 5 tips for a healthy pregnancy in the second trimester.

• Take Prenatal Vitamins: Prenatal vitamins are crucial for providing you and your baby with essential nutrients for healthy development. Critical nutrients like folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, choline, omega-3 fatty acids, and B vitamins prevent birth defects and support the baby’s overall growth.
• Attend Antenatal Care Visits: Prenatal visits with your OBGYN during the second trimester ensure consistent maternal and fetal health monitoring through tailored advice and prenatal testing. Discuss childbirth preferences with your OBGYN and birth partner and prepare for upcoming tests and routine check-ups. Prenatal appointments often involve ultrasounds, blood and urine tests, physical exams, gynecological exams, and screening for potential complications to monitor overall fetal and maternal health.
• Engage in Physical Activity: Regular physical activity, such as walking, swimming, and stretching, helps manage pregnancy-related discomforts. Physical activity (PA) positively impacts physical and psychological well-being during the second trimester. Incorporating pelvic floor exercises (Kegels) strengthens the pelvic muscles supporting the uterus, bladder, and bowels. Moderate physical activities improve overall health, boost energy levels, enhance mood, and help reduce common pregnancy issues, such as backaches.
• Maintain a Healthy Diet: Prioritize nutrition and food safety, as food-borne illnesses like listeriosis pose dangers during pregnancy. Ensure you consume fruits, vegetables, low-fat protein, and fiber to support your health and your baby’s development. Include omega-3 fatty acids from sources like salmon and walnuts, and maintain proper hydration by drinking plenty of water. Avoid high-risk foods like soft cheeses, cold seafood, sandwich meats, raw or undercooked meats, pre-prepared salads, uncooked bean sprouts, and raw eggs. Stay hydrated to support circulation and digestion, reducing discomforts like constipation. Steer clear from alcohol and tobacco, which pose hazards to the baby’s health. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for a smooth pregnancy.
• Practice Relaxation Techniques: Relaxation techniques like mindfulness help lower maternal heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormones, enhancing emotional well-being during the second trimester of pregnancy. Maternal relaxation techniques have been found to reduce fetal heart rate and motor activity, creating a calmer environment for the baby in the womb. Participating in relaxation practices with your partner helps strengthen your connection and provide mutual support.

What Types Of Foods Are Essential In The Second Trimester?

Types of foods beneficial to eat during the second trimester include foods rich in calcium, iron, iodine, choline, vitamins A, C, D, B6, B12, and folate to support your health and baby’s growth. Here are 15 beneficial foods to eat during the second trimester of pregnancy.

• Calcium-rich Foods: Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. Good sources include cheese, yogurt, and dark green leafy vegetables.
• Iron-rich Foods: Iron supports red blood cell production and helps deliver oxygen to your baby. Try lean red meat, dried beans, and iron-fortified cereals.
• Iodine-rich Foods: Iodine promotes healthy brain development. Consider dairy products, eggs, and seafood.
• Choline-rich Foods: Choline supports your baby’s brain and spinal cord development. Consume beef liver, peanuts, and milk.
• Vitamin A-rich Foods: Vitamin A helps with red blood cell formation and nutrient utilization. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, and green leafy vegetables.
• Vitamin C-rich Foods: Vitamin C promotes healthy gums, teeth, and bones. Try broccoli, strawberries, and tomatoes.
• Vitamin D-rich Foods: Vitamin D supports bone and eye health. Good sources of Vitamin D include fortified milk and sardines.
• Vitamin B6-rich Foods: Vitamin B6 aids in red blood cell formation and nutrient metabolism. Try bananas, pork, and whole-grain cereals.
• Vitamin B12-rich Foods: Vitamin B12 maintains the nervous system and forms red blood cells. Get vitamin B12 from fish, poultry, and milk.
• Folic Acid-rich Foods: Folate prevents birth defects and supports fetal growth. Try orange juice, dark green leafy vegetables, and enriched bread.
• Grains:  Grains provide energy and fiber. Opt for quinoa, brown rice, and oats.
• Fruits:  Fruits are packed with vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Include fresh fruit, dried fruit, and canned fruit in your diet.
• Vegetables: Vegetables provide essential vitamins and minerals. Try frozen vegetables, canned vegetables, or raw vegetables.
• Protein: Protein supports growth and muscle development. Incorporate seafood, eggs, and processed soy products.
• Dairy: Dairy is a source of calcium and vitamin D. Consume pasteurized milk, cheese, and yogurt regularly.

What Exercises Are Safe And Beneficial During The Second Trimester?

Beneficial exercises during the second trimester include walking, swimming, stationary cycling, stretching, and Kegel exercise, according to the 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Here are 5 beneficial exercises for during the second trimester of pregnancy.

• Walking: Walking is an excellent, low-impact way to maintain fitness throughout the second trimester. Walking improves cardiovascular health and is suitable for all fitness levels. Stay hydrated, wear supportive shoes, and avoid overexertion.
• Swimming: Swimming is a low-impact, gentle, full-body workout that helps improve circulation, muscle tone, and stamina. Ensure the water temperature is not too warm, and maintain slow, steady strokes.
• Stationary Cycling: Switch to a stationary bike as your pregnancy progresses to avoid the risk of falls. Cycling is a great way to improve leg strength and cardiovascular health.
• Stretching: Gentle stretching eases muscle tension and improves flexibility in key areas like the hips and quadriceps, which is important as your body changes. Avoid overstretching to prevent injury.
• Pelvic Floor Exercises (Kegels): Strengthening your pelvic floor muscles helps prevent urinary incontinence and prepare for labor. Pelvic floor exercises help maintain core strength and overall pelvic health.

Staying active in the second trimester improves cardiovascular fitness, reduces risks of gestational diabetes, and helps make labor easier. Aim for 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity weekly. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water and avoid overheating, particularly during hot or humid weather.

What Are The Things To Avoid In The 2nd Trimester Of Pregnancy?

Things to avoid in the second trimester include alcohol, smoking, recreational drugs, caffeine, certain medications and supplements, and high-mercury fish. Here are 14 things you must avoid during the second trimester of pregnancy.

• Alcohol: Refrain from drinking alcohol throughout your pregnancy. Alcohol consumption often leads to developmental disorders like fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which causes cognitive and behavioral issues, according to a 2020 study, Alcohol Use in Pregnancy by Oregon Health and Science University.
• Smoking and Secondhand Smoke: Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke cause serious complications, including premature birth and low birth weight. Quitting smoking significantly reduces pregnancy-related risks, according to a 2020 study, “Exposure to Tobacco and Nicotine in Pregnancy” by Gillian S. Gould.
• Recreational Drugs: Avoid using recreational drugs such as cannabis to prevent complications like developmental delays and low birth weight.
• Caffeine: Limit caffeine intake to under 200 mg daily (around one 12-ounce cup of coffee). Excessive caffeine is linked to a higher risk of miscarriage and low birth weight.
• Certain Medications and Supplements: Always consult your healthcare provider before taking any medication, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, to ensure your and your baby’s safety during pregnancy.
• High Mercury Fish: Avoid fish with high mercury levels, such as swordfish, sharks, and king mackerel, as mercury exposure harms the baby’s nervous system.
• Undercooked or Raw Foods: Avoid undercooked meats, raw seafood (like sushi), and unpasteurized dairy products. Raw or undercooked foods typically carry harmful bacteria such as Listeria and Salmonella, which lead to infections.
• Deli Meats and Bagged Salads: Avoid consuming deli meats and pre-packaged salads unless thoroughly heated to avoid harmful bacteria.
• Unwashed Produce: Ensure fruits and vegetables are washed thoroughly to avoid potential exposure to toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection harmful to the fetus.
• Hair Dye: Avoid hair dye and consider natural alternatives during pregnancy, as hair dye use was found to be associated with pregnancy complications, according to a 2018 study titled “The Effect of Pre-Pregnancy Hair Dye Exposure on Infant Birth Weight”.
• Hot Tubs and Saunas: Avoid high-heat environments like hot tubs and saunas to prevent risks of overheating, which harms you and your baby.
• Heavy Lifting and Strenuous Exercise: While moderate exercise is important, avoid heavy lifting or contact sports linked to abdominal trauma.
• Exposure to Harmful Chemicals: Avoid contact with toxic chemicals in household cleaners, pesticides, and beauty products. Opt for natural alternatives where possible.
• Cat Litter: If you have a cat, avoid cleaning the litter box to reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis, a parasite causing pregnancy complications.

Consult with your healthcare provider and be well-informed of harmful substances to navigate your second trimester safely. Always remember to seek personalized advice from your OBGYN.

Is It Safe To Travel By Air In The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

Yes, it is considered the safest time to travel by air in the second trimester of pregnancy since obstetric complications and emergencies most typically occur in the first and third trimesters, according to a 2018 study titled “Air Travel During Pregnancy” by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), published in Obstetrics & Gynecology.

The ACOG outlines how studies have found no significant link between air travel during pregnancy and adverse outcomes, with most healthy pregnant women facing no increased risks from occasional air travel. Most airlines allow pregnant women to fly up until 36 weeks, though international flights sometimes have earlier restrictions. Always check the airline’s policy before planning a trip.

Consult your OB/GYN before planning a trip. Pregnant women with medical conditions or high-risk pregnancies must avoid air travel as certain health issues are worsened during a flight or necessitate emergency care.

Be sure to consider flight duration when planning trips. Avoid gas-producing foods or beverages before flying to make your trip more comfortable, as the change in altitude sometimes causes bloating. Keep your seatbelt fastened throughout the flight to prevent the risk of trauma from severe turbulence.

How Can A Partner Support The Mother During The 2nd Trimester?

A partner can support the mother during the second trimester through lifestyle changes, physical affection, open communication, physical support, and involvement in maternal health. Here are 6 ways a partner can support the mother in the second trimester.

• Lifestyle Changes: Encourage healthy habits by having a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding unsafe habits like smoking to support maternal and fetal health. Collaborate on tasks like meal preparation and share responsibilities to foster a nurturing environment. Offer support and encouragement throughout your partner’s pregnancy. Limit any smoking to outdoor areas and consider a quitting program to ensure the health of the mother and baby. Commit to a proactive approach to healthy living together.
• Offer Physical Affection: Show your partner love through hugs, cuddling, back rubs, and foot massages to alleviate discomfort and swelling. Simple gestures of intimacy help fulfill your partner’s physical and emotional needs, making her feel cherished and reducing stress and anxiety. Stay close, provide reassurance, and offer companionship, as emotional support is crucial throughout pregnancy.
• Open Communication: Engage in open, honest conversation and focus on the mother’s words, feelings, and fears. Listen without judgment, offer reassurance, and encourage to help your partner feel understood and valued. Ask about her needs and expectations, and stay by her company to offer emotional support. Build a strong support system by practicing healthy communication and involving extended family. Work together as a team to avoid and resolve conflicts.
• Physical Support: Take on household chores, grocery shopping, laundry, and other physical tasks to relieve your partner of daily burdens, especially with heavy lifting or labor-intensive activities. Help your partner find time to rest and avoid unsafe exertion by managing physical work around the home.
• Involvement in Maternal Health: Preparing for the baby together and providing practical and emotional support strengthens the bond between partners, especially in the second trimester. Ask about her needs, be present at doctor’s visits, and learn about her prenatal tests to offer reassurance and support. Attend prenatal and childbirth classes together, and take the time to learn about pregnancy to stay informed. Offering advice for supporting moms-to-be and showing active involvement, such as learning to time contractions or assisting in the hospital during labor and delivery, helps ensure your partner feels supported throughout the journey.
• Emotional Support: Provide emotional support to enhance your partner’s mental health. Partners must listen, show care, and make an effort to understand the mother’s feelings to reduce anxiety. Spend time together, offering company and creating moments of intimacy to strengthen your bond. Make time for one-on-one bonding, whether it’s through shared experiences like walking around together or simply being present. Practice patience and offer encouragement, words of affirmation, compliments, and extra help to strengthen the relationship and decrease stress.

How To Manage Stress In The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

To manage stress in the second trimester of pregnancy, take time to breathe, join childbirth classes, move your body, eat right, prioritize rest, see a mental health professional, and prioritize tasks. Here are 7 ways to manage stress during the second trimester.

• Breathe: Antenatal relaxation exercises, such as breathing techniques or tension release, positively impact well-being and reduce stress. Deep breathing calms the mind and body, contributing to better sleep. Relaxation techniques contribute to improved pregnancy outcomes with fewer hospital admissions and obstetric complications and less pain during labor, according to a study titled “Relaxation During Pregnancy: What Are the Benefits for Mother, Fetus, and the Newborn? A Systematic Review of the Literature” by Nadine S. Fink et al., published in the Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing.
• Join Childbirth Classes: Attending childbirth classes provides essential knowledge about labor and delivery. Regular class attendance significantly reduces anxiety and increases confidence in natural childbirth. Classes cover pain management, warning signs, and preparation for breastfeeding and parenting. Consistent participation helps meet informational needs and fosters a supportive relationship with healthcare providers.
• Move Your Body: Engage in physical activity, such as aerobic exercises, to enhance quality of life during pregnancy. Exercise and physical activity positively impact physical and psychological well-being during pregnancy, according to a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or gentle stretching each week for optimal health benefits, including increased happiness and improved psychological well-being.
• Eat Right: Eat nutrient-dense foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, and healthy fats with omega-3 fatty acids. Avoid processed foods high in sugars and unhealthy fats to avoid risks of pregnancy complications. Refrain from restrictive diets, such as ketogenic (low carbohydrate) or Paleo (dairy-restrictive), to prevent nutrient deficiencies.
• Prioritize Rest: Techniques like mindfulness lower maternal heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormones, improving emotional health during pregnancy. Maternal relaxation practices, such as progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), massage therapy, and guided imagination, reduce maternal and fetal heart rate and motor activity, contributing to a calmer in-utero environment.
• See a Mental Health Professional: Prenatal stress is experienced by 25% of pregnant women and is linked to poorer obstetric outcomes, including low infant birth weight, shorter length of gestation, and an increased risk of preterm labor or birth. Psychiatric disorders like anxiety or depression are experienced by about 14.1% of pregnant women during the second trimester. Talking to a mental health professional throughout the pregnancy is recommended, given the increased vulnerability to stress.
• Prioritize Tasks: Create daily to-do lists focusing on essential tasks to keep you organized and ensure you are not overwhelmed by many responsibilities. Delegate tasks when possible and lean on practical support from your partner, family, and friends to help with household chores, cooking, and childcare to ensure tasks are completed without putting too much pressure on yourself.

What Are The Possible Complications That Can Occur In The Second Trimester?

Possible complications that can happen in the second trimester include gestational pemphigoid, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and miscarriage. Here are  8 possible complications that occur during the second trimester.

• Pemphigoid Gestationis (Gestational Pemphigoid): Pemphigoid gestationis is a rare autoimmune skin disorder typically occurring during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Pemphigoid gestationis often includes intense itching around the navel and red papules, urticarial plaques, or annular target lesions. Some mothers develop blisters with lesions ranging from small vesicles to larger blisters. Pemphigoid gestationis is associated with increased risks for preterm birth and fetal growth restriction, according to a 2014 study from Finland titled “Gestational pemphigoid”  by Kaisa Tasanen et al. at Oulu University Hospital and published in Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.
• Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy. GDM increases risks for complications during pregnancy, like gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infection, cesarean section births, and delivery complications. GDM often results in excessive growth of the baby (macrosomia), leading to breathing and feeding difficulties after birth. Regularly monitor your glucose levels to promptly detect and manage GDM effectively.
• Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive condition occurring after 20 weeks of pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and protein in urine. Common symptoms include elevated blood pressure (higher than 140/90 mmHg), sudden and severe swelling, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, and rapid weight gain. If left untreated, pre-eclampsia often leads to eclampsia (seizures), kidney failure, and even death. Early detection and management of preeclampsia are vital to prevent serious complications such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth, oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid), placental abruption (placenta separating from the uterus), fetal distress, and fetal death in utero.
• Preterm Labor: Preterm labor occurs when the mother gives birth before 37 weeks, often categorized as early and late preterm births. Early preterm births pertain to babies born before week 33, while late preterm births involve babies born between weeks 34-36. Preterm infants often face challenges in childhood, including health complications and developmental delays, with late preterm infants facing a higher risk of developmental issues. Symptoms of preterm labor include pelvic pain, back pain, menstrual-like cramps, and increased vaginal discharge. Preterm labor is often caused by infection-induced inflammation, triggering contractions, membrane rupture, and cervical changes and leading to early delivery.
• Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion): Miscarriage involves the death and expulsion of the embryo from the uterus before viability, typically before 28 weeks. Common signs of miscarriage include vaginal bleeding, lack of fetal heartbeat, and decreased fetal movement. Factors like reduced blood flow to the fetus and abnormal amniotic fluid levels often contribute to miscarriages. The risk of fetal loss increases significantly with advancing maternal age, involving 2.94% of women under 20 years and 50% of mothers aged 40-45 and over, according to a 2001 study from Switzerland titled “Spontaneous fetal loss rates in a non-selected population,” conducted by Wolfgang Holzgreve et al. at University of Basel and published in American Journal of Medical Genetics.
• Vaginal Bleeding: Frequent and severe bleeding, especially when accompanied by cramps, severe pain in the lower abdomen, or vaginal discharge, is associated with complications like low birth weight and perinatal mortality. Bleeding occurs in about 25% of pregnancies, increasing the risk of preterm delivery by three times. Infection often contributes to abnormal discharge and bleeding, further complicating the pregnancy, according to a 2013 study from Iran, titled “The relationship between vaginal bleeding in the first and second trimester of pregnancy and preterm labor,” conducted by Seyedeh Hajar Sharami, M.D. et al. at Guilan University of Medical Sciences and published in Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine.
• Placenta Previa (Placental Abruption): Placenta previa is a serious placental complication characterized by alow-lying, which covers part or all of the cervical opening. Signs of placenta previa include painless vaginal bleeding during the second or third trimester, sometimes triggered by intercourse or medical examinations. Vaginal bleeding sometimes escalates to severe bleeding and shock, posing risks of postpartum hemorrhage and maternal death.
• Cervical Insufficiency (Incompetent Cervix): Cervical insufficiency involves the cervix’s inability to retain the fetus without contractions or labor, leading to painless cervical dilation. Cervical insufficiency typically occurs in the middle of the second trimester or early third trimester. Key factors leading to cervical insufficiency include congenital causes, such as defects in the Mullerian ducts (tubes in the reproductive tract), or cervical trauma, like cervical lacerations during childbirth. Common symptoms typically include mild abdominal cramping, backache, pelvic pressure, and changes in vaginal discharge.

What Prenatal Tests Are Needed In The Second Trimester?

Prenatal tests necessary in the second trimester include a second-trimester prenatal checkup, glucose tolerance test, MSAFP screening, a quad screen, amniocentesis, and ultrasound. Here are 5 prenatal tests likely to be conducted in the second trimester.

• Second Trimester Prenatal Checkup: Prenatal care involves various screenings and tests to assess the baby’s growth and monitor the mother’s health. Regular prenatal checkups allow healthcare providers to observe the pregnancy closely, detect any potential complications early on, and take necessary measures and precautions.
• Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT): A glucose tolerance test (GTT) assesses a pregnant woman’s risk of developing gestational diabetes. The GTT measures the pregnant mother’s blood sugar level and is usually performed between 24 and 28 weeks, when insulin resistance increases during the second trimester (causing a build-up of glucose in the blood). GTT is performed earlier for pregnant women with risk factors for developing gestational diabetes.
• Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (MSAFP) Screening: Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (MSAFP) is a screening tool used to identify pregnancies at an increased risk for open neural tube defects (NTDs) and specific chromosomal abnormalities. AFP screening is typically performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy and involves taking a sample of the mother’s blood. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) strongly recommends MSAFP screening as part of prenatal care in the second trimester.
• Quad Screen (Quadruple Marker Test): The quad screen is a maternal blood test performed during the second trimester of pregnancy, typically between weeks 15 and 22, to assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects. The test measures the mother’s blood for four protein markers secreted during pregnancy. Positive screening results necessitate further diagnostic testing to detect and diagnose any complications.
• Amniocentesis (Amnio Test): Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic procedure involving taking a sample of amniotic fluid to diagnose fetal chromosomal abnormalities and genetic conditions, such as Down Syndrome. Amniocentesis is usually recommended for women with increased pregnancy risks due to age, family history, or previous screening results.
• Ultrasound (Ultrasonography): A routine ultrasound is conducted during the second trimester, typically between 18 and 22 weeks, allowing for timely detection of major congenital anomalies. An ultrasound scan assesses your baby’s development and gender by visually identifying the anatomy of the genitals, according to a 2012 study, “The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination,” conducted by Blessing Ose-Emenim Igbinedion and Theophilus Oriazo Akhigbe at the University of Benin in Nigeria and published in the Nigerian Medical Journal.

When Are Ultrasound Scans Recommended?

Ultrasound scans are recommended at least once for pregnant women before 24 weeks of gestation, according to a 2018 study from Switzerland titled “WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience: Ultrasound Examination” by the World Health Organization (WHO). An early ultrasound before 24 weeks allows your OBGYN to detect potential anomalies or multiple pregnancies, estimate gestational age, and confirm your baby’s due date. An ultrasound performed in the first trimester is most accurate for determining gestational age.

Routine ultrasounds after 24 weeks are typically not necessary for pregnancies when an early scan is performed unless specific concerns arise. Later scans assess the baby’s size, position, and overall health if complications like fetal growth or placental issues are suspected.

When Should You Contact Your Doctor If Something Feels Unusual?

Contact your doctor if something feels wrong in the second trimester of pregnancy or if you experience symptoms like sudden swelling, decreased fetal movement, persistent headaches, foul-smelling discharge, and fluid leakage. Here are 8 symptoms you must report to your OBGYN in the second trimester.

• Sudden & Extreme Swelling: Sudden, severe swelling often signals preeclampsia, a serious hypertensive disorder that develops after 20 weeks of gestation. Call your OBGYN immediately if you notice sudden or extreme puffiness and swelling in your hands, fingers, feet, or face, especially if accompanied by symptoms like headaches and vision changes like blurred vision or seeing flashing lights. Severe or persistent swelling typically indicates a more serious issue.
• Decreased Fetal Movement: A sudden decrease in your baby’s activity calls for immediate medical attention. Decreased fetal movement sometimes signals complications, such as fetal growth restriction or stillbirth. Report any significant changes to your OBGYN or healthcare provider, especially if you observe fewer than ten movements in an hour. Track your baby’s movements using kick counts to promptly detect potential issues.
• Persistent Headaches with Vision Changes: Headaches are common in pregnancy, but persistent or severe headaches accompanied by vision changes, dizziness, or weakness often indicate preeclampsia (high blood pressure after 20 weeks gestation). Contact your OBGYN immediately if you experience recurring headaches, fainting spells, or severe nausea.
• Foul-Smelling Vaginal Discharge: Pathological vaginal discharge (PVD) during pregnancy involves a foul or strong-smelling discharge, often yellowish-green, typically accompanied by itching or pain. PVD contrasts with normal vaginal discharge, which is typically clear or milky and odorless. Unusual vaginal discharge, such as unusual-colored discharge, signals infections like bacterial vaginosis or candidiasis and requires prompt medical evaluation.
• Fluid Leakage from Vagina: Unusual vaginal fluid discharge in the second trimester of pregnancy often signals Spontaneous Previable Rupture of Membranes (SPROM). SPROM involves the premature rupture of the amniotic sac, leading to fluid loss before labor is expected. SPROM increases the risk of preterm labor, pregnancy loss, and neonatal health complications. Contact your OB-GYN immediately if you notice persistent fluid leakage.
• Vaginal Bleeding: Vaginal bleeding during the second trimester triples the risk of preterm labor, according to a 2013 study from Iran, titled “The relationship between vaginal bleeding in the first and second trimester of pregnancy and preterm labor,” conducted by Seyedeh Hajar Sharami, M.D. et al. at Guilan University of Medical Sciences and published in Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine. Preterm labor, especially when accompanied by abdominal pain or other signs of distress, increases risks for complications like low birth weight and perinatal mortality. Immediately contact your OBGYN when you experience bleeding, especially when accompanied by severe abdominal pain and weakness.
• Fever Above 100.4°F: A fever above 100.4°F (38°C) typically indicates an infection and is associated with fetal risks like neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and oral clefts, based on a 2014 study, “Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: Fever in Pregnancy and Health Impacts in the Offspring,” conducted by Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen, Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff, and Julie Werenberg Dreier and published in Pediatrics. Pregnant mothers must contact an OBGYN if experiencing a high fever to rule out and address any complications.
• Severe Abdominal Cramping: Sudden and severe cramping or unusual cramping sometimes signals severe conditions like ectopic pregnancy or intestinal obstruction. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancies often cause sharp abdominal pain and possible bleeding but are more common during early pregnancy. Meanwhile, intestinal obstructions occur as the uterus grows and moves into the abdomen, putting pressure against the intestines and potentially causing a blockage. Symptoms of intestinal obstruction include nausea, vomiting, and difficulty passing gas or stools, along with persistent pain.

How To Prepare Yourself Going To The Third Trimester Of Pregnancy?

To prepare yourself going into the third trimester, take prenatal vitamins, stay active, eat healthily, and go to childbirth classes. Here are 5 ways to prepare for the start of the third trimester of pregnancy.

1. Take Prenatal Vitamins: Prenatal vitamins provide you and your baby with the necessary nourishment for healthy growth. Vitamins include folic acid, iron, and calcium, which are crucial for preventing birth defects and efficient oxygen delivery to the fetus. Take your prenatal vitamins to meet nutritional needs without consuming unhealthy foods. Always check the serving size on the label to avoid exceeding the recommended dosage.
2. Stay Active: Physical activity helps reduce the risks of maternal health conditions, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and postpartum depression. A variety of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity and gentle stretching for at least 150 minutes a week are recommended.
3. Eat a Healthy Diet: A well-balanced diet involves eating various foods from all food groups. A healthy diet provides essential nutrients for mother and baby. Maintain adequate hydration and take prenatal vitamins with folic acid and iron to support fetal development.
4. Go to Childbirth Classes: Attend childbirth education classes to learn about labor, delivery, and newborn care. Regularly attending prenatal and birthing classes boosts confidence, aids labor pain management, and enhances post-birth breastfeeding success.

What Does parentingstyles.Com Suggest About The Second Trimester Of Pregnancy?

parentingstyles.com suggests five key practices for the second trimester of pregnancy. First, take prenatal vitamins rich in folic acid, iron, and calcium to support the baby’s brain development and overall health. Second, stay active by doing moderate-intensity activities, like walking, swimming, or stretching. Third, stop harmful habits such as smoking, excessive drinking, or drug use to improve outcomes for mother and baby significantly. Fourth, the partner must maintain a healthy lifestyle by following a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding harmful substances together. Lastly, manage stress effectively, as high stress levels disrupt hormone production and affect conception and overall health.

Parenting Styles offers online classes on parenting, child development, and child psychology. Parenting Styles was founded by Pamela Li, a Stanford-trained parenting specialist in child development, behavior, and mental health, and the Editor-in-Chief of parentingstyles.com. Parenting Styles empowers parents with research-backed information and guidance, including week-by-week pregnancy updates, parenting practices, and child psychology. Parenting Styles emphasizes user privacy and does not sell personal information.